Conclusion Margaret McKenna, newly-appointed president of Lesley College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and former director of the Bunting Institute, oversaw the Science Scholars program in its initial stages. "The success of the program and its participants is well-documented," McKenna said. "Beyond the scientific benefits, I recall scholars' comments on the 'intangibles' of their time at the Institute. Several scientists came from laboratories or departments in which they were the only women and appreciate the opportunity to interact on a regular basis with their female colleagues in science. Others have commented on the personal enrichment fostered by their association with peers in the humanities and social sciences. It is clear that there is a continuing need for this program." Llewellya Hillis-Colinvaux, a well-known marine biologist professor at Ohio State University and current Bunting Institute Science Scholar, was recently interviewed on her return from three months in China as a National Scholar of the United States Academy of Sciences. She spoke with candor to a reporter's questions about the status of women scientists and women faculty members in the U.S. "It was a 10-year fight to be recognized. No recognition has come to me as easily as it has to my male counterparts," she said. "Lots of women were trained in the biological sciences who could have been role models from as long ago as the 1920s and 1930s. If you look at the biology departments in U.S. universities, the women are not there. . . it's straight prejudice. However, the progress that has been made is now so firmly entrenched that it will be hard to dismantle it completely. I am optimistic, and I am also particularly grateful to the Office of Naval Research without whose enlightened support of a female planning to dive on coral reefs more than a dozen years ago much of the framework of my research would not have been possible." The battle for women in science continues, but with the support and success of programs like the Offfice of Naval Research Science Scholars program at the Bunting Institute, new opportunities are created and the potential of talented women scholars is nurtured so that women may take their rightful place in the scientific community. A complete list of the Science Scholars, their fields, and the titles of their project proposals follows: Science Scholars 1981-1987 GRETCHEN GLODE BERGGREN, International "Critical Evaluation of Accurately Documented Com- SUSAN HOWARD BRAWLEY, Cell and "Polar Axis Fixation in the Fucus Embryo❞ MARY AMY HOOD, Aquatic Microbial Ecology BETTY RUTH JONES, Parasitology and Biological "Histochemical, Biochemical, and Ultrastructural NANETTE ORME-JOHNSON, Biochemistry BARBARA WALLNER PHILIPP, Biochemistry and "Characterization of the Human Albumin and Alpha- PRISCILLA FENN ROSLANSKY, Neuro-molecular "Cytoskeleton of Neurons" PRAHBA KUMBHARE TEDROW, Physics/ "Design and Build an LPCVD Reactor to Deposit S. MERIC BARKAN, High Energy Experimental "Development and Test of New Detectors for SLC" ELLEN L. BASSUK, Psychiatry/History of Science GUDRUN BRIGITTA BRATTSTROM, Arithemtic "p-Adic Heights on Elliptic Curves" PAMELA GAIL COXSON, Mathematics-Dynamic "Reduced Order Models of Large Scale Systems by SARAH PIERCE DAMASSA, "The Early Fossil Record of Plankton" LAURIE ROHDE GODFREY, Primatology and "The Evolution of Scale in Malagasy Primates" NAOMI JOCHNOWITZ, Algebraic Number "Modular Forms and the Study of the Hecke Algebra❞ SAI HYUN LEE, Civil Engineering "Application of a New Microbiological Quality MARY BETH RUSKAI, Mathematical Physics DONELLA JOYCE WILSON, Molecular Biology LLEWELLYA HILLIS-COLINVAUX, Marine "Biogeography and Systematics of Calcareous Green KAY KINOSHITA, Physics "Heavy Particles: Search and Study" MARCIA McNUTT, Earth Science "The Relationship Between the Mechanical Strength "An Examination of Quotient-Singularities in About the Author As a member of the Bunting Institute staff, Janice Profiles Dr. Frank Herman, who is a theoretical solid state physicist at the IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose, California, has been a principal investigator of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) for many years. Currently, he is studying semiconductor heterostructures and metallic multilayers with ONR support as well as investigating the electronic and magnetic properties of interfacial systems that play a key role in microelectronics. Dr. Herman's research has elucidated the nature of localized electronic interface states at Ge/GaAs heterojunctions, at silicon surfaces passivated by its native oxide, and at interfaces between crystalline and amorphous silicon. Early in his career, Dr. Herman went to work for RCA Laboratories, Princeton, New Jersey, where he carried out pioneering studies of the electronic structure of semiconductors for which he received world-wide recognition. He was also among the first to use electronic computers to solve major scientific problems. In 1962, he joined the Lockheed Research Laboratory in Palo Alto, California, continuing his theoretical research on semiconducting crystals and alloys. He is perhaps best known for his 1963 book coauthored with Sherwood Skillman, “Atomic Structure Calculations," based on research conducted at RCA and Lockheed supported by ONR. Dr. Herman has served as a consultant to the National Science Foundation, the National Research Council, and the Department of the Army. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers and a Fellow of the American Physical Society. THE RESEARCH DEVELOPED AT NORDA Clifford R. Holland, Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity Introduction It has been said that we learn by measuring, and that our knowledge is limited only by our ability to measure. This ability to measure is determined by science, which is our combined understanding of the laws of the universe. Within the known existence of man, the ability to make measurements has been brief and is always associated with advancing societies. With modern technology, it appears that we can measure, understand, and control a large variety of phenomena for the betterment of all. We in the Ocean Technology Division of the Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity are proud to be a part of developing and applying this technology to solving critical Navy problems. In the next few pages, we would like to tell you about some of our recent work and how it is helping to build a stronger Navy. The discussion concentrates on the measurement of acoustics, oceanography, and the characteristics of the seafloor. Acoustic Systems The Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity is heavily involved with acoustic research, and the Ocean Technology Division is providing a number of measurement systems that improve both the quality and the quantity of the required data. Shallow Water Research System The Shallow Water Acoustic Measurement Instrumentation System (SWAMI) is an example of a next-generation, high frequency, acoustic research tool. SWAMI will provide data for statistical studies of surface, bottom and volume backscatter, forward scatter, reverberation, and transmission path stability. Figure 1 illustrates the Seagoing Advanced Acoustic Array (SA) portion of the SWAMI System which consists of two stable, yet portable, bottom-mounted towers with associated projectors, receivers, and data telemetry links. Each tower is brought to a convenient seaport near the targeted acoustic test area on flat-bed trailer trucks, where it is quickly assembled for surface tow to the test site. Once on site, the catamaran hulls and center trunk are flooded, which sends each tower to the bottom so that it will provide stable, precise support to the acoustic instrumentation at its apex. On one tower, two parametric sources provide a narrow beam of energy over the entire frequency range from 10 kHz to 200 kHz. Also atop this projector tower is a modified Mill's Cross 15-hydrophone array, which is 20 feet long by 3 feet high, to receive backscatter signals. The projector tower is connected to a moored surface ship from which it receives projector power, instrumentation power, and pointing angle control signals. The second receiving tower has an identical 15-hydrophone array to receive direct path, forward, or outof-plane scattered signals. This second tower is battery powered and uses a radio frequency (R.F.) telemetry link from a surface buoy to transmit data and receive pointing angle commands. The towers can be deployed from a few hundred to several thousand yards apart in shallow (50-300 feet deep) water and then "calibrated" for projector/receiver bore-sight by adjusting for maximum direct arrival signal level. Once bore-sighted, off-axis signals can be examined by commanding each tower to individually adjust to the desired relative angle in terms of azimuth, pitch, and roll angles. Projector power levels and frequencies can be altered at will to explore the acoustic characteristics of signals, noise, and reverberation in shallow or restricted coastal areas. Relatively recent attempts to extrapolate deep ocean techniques to shallow water have been disappointing, thereby demonstrating the need for SWAMI data to develop reliable shallow-water acoustic data bases and models that will support shallow-water weapons systems development, performance prediction, and operational forecasts. The SWAMI data base and derived models will permit system developers in the mine, mine countermeasures, and torpedo commu The use of deep-water acoustic hydrophone arrays has for many years meant large, bulky, and relatively stiff oilfilled hoses that required large equipment for deployment, recovery, and storage. Since the mid 1970s, NORDA's Ocean Technology Division has been developing a new modular concept for deep water arrays-one that uses free-flooding Kevlar cables for fabricating the hydrophone arrays. The first system to use this concept was called VEKA (Versatile Experimental Kevlar Array). Figure 2 illustrates a typical lightweight, near-surface deployment for a VEKA system with R.F. telemetry of data via a surface buoy. The VEKA concept capitalizes on the strength, flexibility, and light weight of Kevlar aramid fibers to create an array where the hydrophones can be positioned (or repositioned) with relative ease, compared to an oil-filled hose. The final assembly can be easily deployed and recovered manually or with lightweight equipment from smaller, less expensive ships. VEKA is a truly modular acoustic array assembly concept in that hydrophone components, strength members, and electrical wiring can be combined in endless variety to produce receiving systems that can be connected to a variety of signal transmission modules for R.F. telemetry, multi- or single-cable transmission, or fiber optic cable transmission. These systems can be deployed shallow or deep, free drifting or moored, vertical or horizontal, or laid on the bottom as necessary. |