TABLE 31.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the male employees 18 years of age or over for whom information was secured almost all earn $7.50 per week or over, 73.1 per cent earn $10 or over, 52 per cent earn $12.50 or over, 40.1 per cent earn $15 or over, 21.7 per cent earn $17.50 or over, and only 5.9 per cent earn $20 or over. The proportion of individuals earning $10 per week or over is largest for the native-born of foreign father, second largest for the native-born of native father, and smallest for the foreign-born, while the proportion earning $12.50 or over, $15 or over, and $17.50 or over per week, respectively, is largest for the native-born of native father, second largest for the foreign-born, and smallest for the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born the Germans and Irish show a considerably larger proportion of individuals earning $10 or over, $12.50 or over, $15 or over, $17.50 or over, and $20 or over per week, respectively, than do the individuals of any other race.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The progress of male employees of foreign birth in industrial efficiency or earning ability after designated periods of residence in the United States, is next presented. It shows by race and length of residence in the United States, the percentage of earnings each day of foreign-born male employees who were 18 years of age or over. The only race reporting over 200 is the Slovak as is shown in the statement next submitted.

In comparing the earnings per day of the Slovaks, by years in the United States, it will be noted that the proportion earning from $2 per day upward increased steadily with years in the United States. Length of residence affects in lesser degree the earnings of employees getting less than $2 a day. However, the smallest proportions earning $1.50 a day or over and $1.75 or over are of the groups who have been here less than 5 years.

The following table also shows the progress in the earnings of the male employees of each race, but by the week:

TABLE 32.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table include only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

In comparing the earnings of the Poles by years in the United States it will be noted that in general a steady increase in the proportion earning each specified amount accompanies an increase in the length of residence in this country. A similar tendency, however, is not shown by the Irish. The groups of Irish male employees who have been here each specified period show only a relatively slight difference in the proportions earning each amount as compared with the difference shown by the Polish groups. Moreover, while the smallest proportion of Irish employees earning $10 or over is of the group whe have been here less than five years, the smallest proportions earning $12.50 or over and $15 or over are of the groups who have been in the United States ten years or over.

The progress of male employees of foreign birth in industrial efficiency or earning ability after designated periods of residence in the United States is considered in the next series of tabulations.

The first table presented, which follows, shows, by race and length of residence in the United States, the comparative earnings each week of foreign-born male employees who were 18 years of age or over.

TABLE 33.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

From the data presented in the above table it appears that of the employees who have been in the United States less than five years, the Irish have a considerably larger proportion of individuals in each of the higher wage groups than have the Poles. The percentages for employees in the United States from five to nine years show, however, a decided gain made by the Poles as compared with the Irish and the percentages for employees in the United States ten years or over show that the proportion of individuals earning under $15 weekly is quite as large for the Poles as for the Irish.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the number and percentage of husbands at work, together with their average annual earnings.

TABLE 34.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of the 495 husbands for whom information was obtained 99.6 per cent are at work with average earnings of $662. The proportion of foreign-born husbands at work is only slightly in excess of that shown by the total, and the average earnings of these foreign-born husbands amount to $644, as compared with $797 for the husbands nativeborn of foreign father, and $1,085 for the husbands native-born of native father. Of all races reporting in sufficient numbers to admit of comparison the South Italians alone show a small per cent of husbands not at work. Among the foreign-born, the Irish report the highest average earnings, or $861. These earnings, it will be seen, are slightly in excess of those shown by the Germans or Lithuanians, and largely in excess of those shown by the Magyars, Poles, Slovaks, Croatians, South Italians, or Ruthenians, in the order named-the last named reporting average earnings of $467.

The range in annual earnings of male heads of families is set forth in the table following, according to general nativity and race of individual,

TABLE 35.—Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of

individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 859.]

The greater proportion of the total number of male heads earn under $800 per year. The foreign-born, however, in the greater proportion of cases earn under $600. The Lithuanians and Irish in the greater number of instances earn under $1,000. The remaining races for which percentages are computed most commonly earn under $600. The Ruthenians show the largest percentage earning under each specified amount; consequently the smallest average earnings per year. Relatively high earnings per year are most general among the Irish and Lithuanians, those races having the smallest proportions earning less than each specified amount.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the table next submitted the average and range of annual earnings of all males in the households studied, who were 18 years of age or over, are shown by general nativity and race of individual.