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CHAPTER V.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied-Size of households studied-Congestion-[Text Tables 34 to 46 and General Tables 20 to 31].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The monthly rent payments of the households the heads of which were copper mining and smelting operators are chiefly significant in their bearing upon the standard of living of the employees, owing to the practice of crowding persons in the apartments in order to reduce the per capita rent. This condition is disclosed by the following series of tables, the first of which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average rent per month per apartment, per room, and per person:

TABLE 34.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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The total number of households pay an average rent per month of $6.21 per apartment, $1.33 per room, and $1.13 per sleeping room. These figures closely reflect the rent per month paid by foreign-born households, all but 11 of the 310 households being of that class. The households of the native-born of native father average a higher rent

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per apartment and per sleeping room than the households of the foreign-born, but a lower rent per room than the latter. Of the specified races the Croatian, German, Norwegian, and Swedish pay a higher rent per apartment than the native-born of native father. Excepting the French Canadian, English, and Irish each specified race averages a higher rent per room than the native-born of native father. The North Italian, however, is the only race averaging a higher rent per sleeping room than the native-born of native father. A relatively low average rent per apartment per room and per sleeping room is paid by the French Canadian, English, and Polish. A relatively high rent in each particular is paid by the Croatians.

The following table exhibits the range in payments by showing the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, according to general nativity and race of head of house

hold:

TABLE 35.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table include sonly races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the households for which information was secured almost all pay a rental of less than $12.50 per month per apartment, 93.5 per pay under $10, 78.4 per cent pay under $7.50, and only 13.2 per cent pay under $5. The proportion of households paying under $5 per month is largest for the Finns and Irish, while the English, Finns, and North Italians have the largest and the Croatians and Swedes the smallest proportion of households paying under $7.50.

The next table presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per room.

TABLE 36.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The greater proportion of the total number of households pay less than $2 per month per room; 21.9 per cent pay less than $1. These figures reflect the rent per room paid by the foreign-born households, since all but 11 of the 310 households are of that class. Low rent per room is most general among the English, 72 per cent of whom pay under $1 per month and 96 per cent under $2. The greater proportion of the Croatians and North Italians pay under $3 per month per room, relatively high rent per room being most general among the former. The remaining specified races most commonly pay under $2. The per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person is shown by the following table, according to general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 37.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by. general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The preceding table shows that 98.1 per cent of the 310 households pay under $4 a month rent for each person. Large proportions pay under $3 and under $2, while 30.3 per cent pay under $1.

The Croatians pay notably higher rent than any other race included in the table, and the French Canadians the lowest.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of housewives in keeping boarders or lodgers in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands has already been studied. The extent of the practice and its bearing upon the living conditions are considered in the present connection. The table which follows exhibits the number and percentage of households keeping boarders or lodgers, according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 38.-Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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Of the total number of foreign-born households 17.8 per cent keep boarders or lodgers. There is, however, a very wide variation in the number and per cent of the households of each race who keep boarders or lodgers. They are found in 83.3 per cent of the Magyar households; in 60 per cent of the English households. In a lesser degree they are relatively common among Croatians and Slovenians. On the other hand, there are no boarders or lodgers among the Irish, German, or Swedish households and only a relatively small proportion, compared with the total, in households of the remaining races. The table next submitted shows the average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of

household. The averages are based, first, on the total number of households and, second, on the number of households having boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 39.-Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[[aformation relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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The total number of households averages .79 boarders or lodgers per household; the total number of households keeping boarders or lodgers averages 4.49 boarders or lodgers to each household. These figures closely reflect the average number of boarders or lodgers in foreign-born households, all but 11 of the total 504 households being of that class. There is, however, a considerable difference in the extent to which boarders or lodgers are kept by the households of the specified races. The Germans, Irish, and Swedish have no boarders or lodgers. The Magyars, on the contrary, average 6.03, based on the total number of households of that race, and average 7.24, based on the households of that race keeping boarders or lodgers.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

The range in the size of apartments occupied by the households studied is set forth in the table next presented, which shows by general nativity and race of head of household the percentage of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms.

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