GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE

HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Two tables exhibiting the present industrial status of members of immigrant households studied are next presented. The first table, · which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

Table 171.—General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity

and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Per cent.

Number General nativity and race of reporting

In manu- In manu-
individual.

complete In domes- facture of facture of Otherwise
data. tic séry- hardware other em- At home. At school.

ice. and metal ployed.

cutlery. products.

The preceding table shows that, of 974 females 16 years of age or over, 26 per cent are employed, 73.1 per cent are at home, and less than 1 per cent are at school. Of those who are employed 20.4 per cent are in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery; less than 1 per cent in the manufacture of other metal products or domestic service and 5.2 per cent otherwise employed. Of the different

. nativity groups the native-born of foreign father shows the largest proportion and the native-born of native father the smallest proportion who are employed--the native-born of native father and the foreign-born showing practically the same proportions, which is at the same time considerably larger than the proportion of the native-born of foreign father, who are at home. None of the foreignborn, 2.9 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, and 5.6 per cent of the native-born of native father are at school. None of the native-born of native father are employed in domestic service or the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery8.3 per cent being employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery and 11.1 per cent otherwise employed. The proportion of native-born of foreign father or the foreign-born who are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery is 23.6 per cent and 21 per cent, respectively, and less than 1 per cent of either are in domestic service. The native-born of foreign father alone show a proportion employed in the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery. A larger proportion of each race are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery than in domestic service or the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery or otherwise employed. The proportion who are at home is larger than the proportion who are employed, as regards each race, except the Russian, and the second generation Swedish.

The following table shows the percentage of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

TABLE 172.- Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of

hardware and cutlery, by general nativity and race of fatħer and by birthplace of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born

abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposés.]

The extent to which the second generation of both Germans and Swedes follow the occupations of the first generation is shown in the above table. As regards the Germans, it will be noted that of those born in the United States of fathers born abroad, 78 per cent are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, and 22 per cent are otherwise employed, as compared with 81.4 and 18.6 per cent, respectively, of the foreign-born Germans. The Swedes, on the other hand, who were born in the United States of foreign-born fathers, show only 52.9 per cent employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, as compared with 68.1 per cent of the foreign-born Swedes; consequently the proportion of Swedes of the second generation otherwise employed is considerably in excess of the first generation. Thus it will be seen that while both the Germans and Swedes of the second generation exhibit. a tendency toward following the occupations of the first generation, this tendency is considerably stronger among the Germans than among the Swedes. The native-born of native father, white, it will be noted, show a slightly larger proportion employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, and consequently a slightly smaller proportion otherwise employed, than do the foreign-born Germans.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The extent to which the male heads of families studied were regularly employed, together with their average annual earnings, are set forth in the following table. This table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the proportion of husbands who are at work.

TABLE 173.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of 683 husbands in 705 families selected for study 99.4 per cent are at work, whose average yearly earnings are $534. The husbands who are native whites born of native father and those who are native-born of foreign father each show 100 per cent, while the foreign-born husbands show 99.3 per cent at work. The husbands who are native-born of foreign father show average yearly earnings of $766, as contrasted with $713 for the husbands who are nativeborn whites of native father, and $501 which is the average yearly earnings of the foreign-born husbands. Of the foreign-born husbands 100 per cent of the German, Polish, and Ruthenian husbands are at work, while the South Italians show the smallest per cent of husbands at work. The Swedish husbands show the highest average yearly earnings, or $682, and the Ruthenian husbands the lowest, or $350.

The range in the earnings per year of male heads of families is shown in the table following, by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 174.—Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of

individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6.

The average yearly earnings of 679 male heads of selected families are shown by the above table to be $534-less than 1 per cent earning under $100; 2.5 per cent under $200; 29.9 per cent under $400; 69.7 per cent under $600; 90.4 per cent under $800, and 96.3 per cent under $1,000. The foreign-born show a larger proportion than either the native-born of foreign father or the native-born of native father earning under each specified amount, consequently the lowest average earning. Although the native-born of foreign father show a larger proportion than the native-born of native father earning under $600 or under $1,000 per annum they show a smaller proportion earning under $800 and none under $400—the native-born of native father showing 1.5 per cent earning under the latter amount. The average earnings of the native-born of foreign father are $766 and of the native-born of native father $713.

Of the foreign-born races the lowest average earnings are shown for the South Italian, Ruthenian, and Slovak-none of these races earning as high as $800 per annum.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE

HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 175.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general

nativity and race of individuál.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Number
Number earning-

Per cent earningworking General nativity and for wages Average race of individual. and earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under reporting

$200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. . $600. $1,000. amount.

Of 1,244 males 18 years of age or over shown in the above table 5.4 per cent earn under $200, 43.3 per cent earn under $400, 79.1 per cent earn under $600, and 97.6 per cent earn under $1,000 per year. The foreign-born males show the highest percentage earning under each specified amount per year, the males who are native-born of foreign father follow with somewhat smaller proportions, while the males who are native whites born of native father show the lowest percentage earning under each specified amount. Of the nativeborn of foreign father the males of German parentage show 7 per cent earning under $200 as contrasted with no males of Swedish parentage. The males of Swedish parentage show a higher percentage earning under $400, under $600, and under $1,000 than do the males of German parentage. Of the foreign-born males the Russians show the largest proportion which is 26.7 per cent earning under $200; none of the Swedes earn under this amount. The Ruthenians show the highest percentage and the Swedes the lowest percentage earning under $400 and the same order is followed in the column showing those earning under $600. The South Italians, Poles, Russians, Ruthenians, and Slovaks show 100 per cent; the Lithuanians, 99.4 per cent; the Swedes, 95.5 per cent, and the Germans, 91.5 per cent earning under $1,000.

The males who are native whites born of native father show average yearly earnings of $701 as contrasted with $563, which is the average yearly earnings of the males who are native-born of foreign father, and $442 which is the average yearly earnings of the