That almost the entire number, or 93 per cent, of the males for whom information was obtained are employed in iron-ore mining is apparent from the preceding table. Only 2.2 per cent are at home, less than 1 per cent at school, and 3.8 per cent otherwise employed. The foreign-born, while showing a slightly larger proportion in iron-ore mining than is shown in the total for all males, report a slightly smaller proportion in each of the other occupations. On the other hand, the native-born of foreign father, with 38.5 per cent employed in iron-ore mining, show a similar proportion otherwise employed, a considerably lower proportion at home, and only a very small proportion, or 3.8 per cent at school, while all whites, native-born of native father, are employed in iron-ore mining.

Among the foreign-born, the Slovaks and Slovenians alone report their entire number in iron-ore mining. With the exception of 4.5 per cent of the South Italians and 2.2 per cent of the Swedes, no race shows a proportion of males at school, and with the exception of 1.4 per cent of the Croatians no race reports a proportion of males at home. Of those employed otherwise than as specified in the table, it will be noted that the English, with 3.3 per cent, show a slightly larger proportion than do the Finns or Croatians. With the above exceptions, each race shows its remaining proportion in iron-ore mining.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 22.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals. however, are for all races.]

From the above table it will be noted that of the 281 females for whom information was obtained by far the largest proportion, or 64.8 per cent, are at home, 32.7 per cent in domestic service, 1.1 per cent in trade, and 0.7 per cent at school, with identically the same pro

portion otherwise employed. The foreign-born, it will be noted, show a slightly larger proportion in domestic service and a slightly smaller proportion at home, while the native-born of foreign father show a considerably smaller proportion in domestic service and a considerably greater proportion in trade and at home than is shown by the total for all females studied. On the other hand, the whites, native-born of native father, with the exception of 4.5 per cent in domestic service and an equal proportion otherwise employed, are all at home. Among the foreign-born, it will be noted that, with the exception of 2.6 per cent of the Swedes in trade and 4.8 per cent of the Slovaks at school, each race shows its entire number either in domestic service or at home. In striking contrast to the Croatians, 81.6 per cent of whom are in domestic service, is the proportion of English, the latter reporting only 4.3 per cent. As between the other races, the Slovenians, with 32.1 per cent in domestic service, show a slightly larger proportion thus occupied than the Slovaks, a considerably larger proportion than the Finns, and a much larger proportion than the Swedes. Of those at home, the English, with 95.7 per cent, show the largest proportion and the Croatians, with 18.4 cent, the smallest, the proportions of the other races at home ranging from 84.2 per cent of the Swedes to 66.7 per cent of the Slovakз.

WEEKLY EARNINGS.

per

The average amount and range in amount of weekly earnings of employees are set forth in the series of tables next presented. The first table shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount each week.

TABLE 23.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of 7,748 males 18 years of age or over employed in iron-ore mining 99.6 per cent earn $5 or over; 83.9 per cent $10 or over; 24.8 per cent $15 or over; and 1.7 per cent $20 or over per week. All of those native-born of foreign father earn $7.50 or over, as compared with 98.5 per cent of the foreign-born, 92 per cent of native-born whites and 90.5 per cent of the native-born negroes. The foreign-born shows the largest and the native-born negroes the smallest proportion earning $12.50 or over and $15 or over per week, while the nativeborn of foreign father shows the largest proportion earning $17.50 or over or $20 or over per week, and the native-born negroes and foreignborn with approximately the same proportions earning these specified amounts show the smallest per cents. Of the several foreignborn races the North and South Italians are the only ones not showing the entire proportion earning $7.50 or over per week, while the Croatians, Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenians, are the only ones showing the entire number earning $10 or over per week. The proportion of each race earning $12.50 or over per week ranges from 92.7 per cent of the Polish to 34 per cent of the South Italians, while the proportion of each earning $17.50 or over per week ranges from 24.4 per cent of the English to less than 1 per cent of the Croatian and South Italian. The English, Slovak, and Swedish, with 9.1 per cent, 1.1 per cent, and 3.3 per cent, respectively, are the only races showing as high as 1 per cent earning $20 or over per week.

The following table shows, by locality and by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 18 years of age or over who were earning $15 or over each week.

TABLE 24.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning $15 or over per week, by locality and by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The above table shows that 10.9 per cent of male employees in Alabama earn $15 or over per week, 33.2 per cent of those in Michigan, and 37.8 per cent of those in Minnesota earn the above mentioned amount. The employees of foreign birth in Minnesota show over cent earning $15 or over per week as contrasted with the 33.8 per cent in Michigan and only 4.9 per cent in Alabama earning

35

per

this amount. The employees who are native-born of foreign father show 40.9 per cent in Minnesota and only 27.1 per cent in Michigan earning $15 or over per week. The Croatian, North Italian, and Polish employees in Michigan show a much higher per cent earning $15 or over per week than is shown by employees of the same races in Minnesota, while the Finnish employees in the last-named locality show a higher percentage earning the above-specified amount than the employees of this race in Michigan.

The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age, earning each specified amount per week.

TABLE 25.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the 325 males 14 and under 18 years of age employed in this industry, 58.8 per cent earn $5 or over, 39.7 per cent $7.50 or over, 19.4 per cent $10 or over, and 4 per cent $12.50 or over per week. The entire number of the native-born of foreign father earn $7.50 or over per week, as compared with 69.6 per cent of the foreign-born, 45.8 per cent of the native-born of native father white, and 24.6 per cent of the native-born negroes. The native-born of foreign father also shows the largest proportion earning $12.50 or over per week, the native-born negro showing none.

The table following shows the number of male employees under 14 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by age general nativity and race.

and

TABLE 26.—Number of male employees under 14 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by age and general nativity and race.*

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the 37 males under 14 years of age employed in this industry, 14 earn between $3 and $4, 16 between $4 and $5, 3 between $5 and $6, 3 between $6 and $7, and 1 between $7 and $8 per week. Of the 17 native-born of native father, whites, 2 are 10 years of age and earn between $3 and $4 per week; 2 are 11 years of age and 1 earns between $3 and $4 and the other between $4 and $5 per week. Of the five who are 12 years of age, 1 earns between $7 and $8 and the remainder between $3 and $4 per week, while of the 8 who are 13 years of age 6 earn between $3 and $5 and 2 between $5 and $6. Of the 20 nativeborn of native father, negroes, 3 are 10 years of age and 2 earn between $3 and $4, and 1 between $5 and $6 per week; 1 of the 2 who are 11 years of age earns between $3 and $4 and the other between $4 and $5, while 4 of the 6 who are 12 years of age earn between $4 and $5 and the remainder between $6 and $7. Of the 9 who were 13 years of age 7 earn between $4 and $5, 1 between $3 and $4, and 1 between $6 and $7 per week.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The extent to which industrial efficiency or earning ability of the employees of foreign birth is increased after designated periods of residence in this country is exhibited by the two following tables, the first of which shows, by race and length of residence in the United States the percentage of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week.

By grouping the proportions in the different periods of residence under the several races, a study is possible of the progress made in earning ability by the employees of each race