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220

SCIENCE

what Merrill characterizes as the first work on American geology although its title was distinctly mineralogical. I refer to Schoepf's Beitraege zur Mineralogischen Kenntniss von des Oestlichen Theils von Nord Amerika und seine Gebirge, which was published in Ger

many.

An event of far-reaching importance upon
the development of our science was the ap-
pointment in 1802 of Benjamin Silliman as
professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and so
This appears to
forth in Yale University.
have been the first college appointment for
mineralogy in America. Silliman began his
lectures at Yale in the fall of 1804, and two
66 Mineral-
years later wrote a sketch of the
ogy of New Haven," which was published in
1810 in the Transactions of the Connecticut
Academy of Sciences. In those days mineral-
ogy and geology had not been sharply differ-
entiated, and mineralogy was commonly used
as the more comprehensive term. Accord-
ingly, this contribution by Silliman is com-
monly recognized as the first attempt at a
geological description of a region. Mention
must also be made here of the "Mineralogical
Observations made in the Environs of Boston
in 1807 and 1808," by S. Godon, and which
were published in the Memoirs of the Amer-
ican Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Interest in the subject was increasing
rapidly so that in January, 1810, Dr. Archi-
bald Bruce established the American Min-
eralogical Journal, the first American publi-
cation designed primarily for mineralogists
and geologists. He was a native of New York
City, having been born there in February,
1777. Although a physician by profession, Dr.
Bruce was vitally interested in mineralogy.
After completing his medical studies at the
University of Edinburgh in 1800, he spent
two years visiting important mineral locali-
ties and collections in England, France,
Switzerland and Italy, so that when he re-
turned to New York in the fall of 1803 to
take up the practise of medicine he brought
with him a mineral collection of great value.
Dr. Bruce's biographer tells us that
the ruling passion in Dr. Bruce's mind was love of

natural science and especially
Toward the study of this science,
his own country a strong impulse,
His ca
no small degree of eclat.
of very select and well character
purchased by himself, or collected
destrian or other tours in Euro
instances, presented to him by di
eralogists abroad; and both in it
relation to the then state of th
valuable, soon became an object
tion. That of the late B. B. P
about the same time had been
Perkins in Europe, and imported
country, was also placed in New
cabinets contributed more than
ever done before to excite in the
active interest in the science of n

And further,

Dr. Bruce manifested a strong bringing to light the neglected of the United States. He soon b information on these subjects. sent to him from many and dis country, both as donations and f specting their nature. In relati he conversed, he corresponded with Europe and America; he p ogical tours; he sought out an young mineralogists of his own expressed a wish to see a jour mineralogy upon the plan of tha Mines at Paris. This object, as accomplished, and in 1810, pu number of this work. Owing to it was never carried beyond on demonstrated the possibility of a work in the United States, a mentioned in the history of Am the earliest original purely sci America.

It is to be sincerely regret ing health and early death this journal to be so short tinuation would have permitt gists of this country to h pride upon the achievemen workers in this direction, for progress in the founding journals had already been n there was the Journal des M

But whatever progress may hitherto have b made in mineralogical pursuits, every new adva has opened a wider and more interesting prosp The science is still in its infancy, and in many its paths can only proceed with a faltering uncertain step.

In reviewing this pioneer text, Profes Silliman in 1818 said:

In our opinion, this work does honor to country and will greatly promote the knowledge mineralogy and geology, besides aiding in the g work of disseminating a taste for science ge ally. . . . The method of execution is maste Discrimination, perspicuity, judicious selection characters and facts, a style chaste, manly, comprehensive, are among the attributes of 1 fessor Cleaveland's performance. . . . In opinion, Professor Cleaveland's work ought to introduced in all our schools of mineralogy ought to be the travelling companion of e American mineralogist.

1795 and which became the Annales des Mines Also,
in 1816. In Germany the Taschenbuch fuer
die gesammte Mineralogie mit Hinsicht auf
die neuesten Endeckungen was established in
1806, which subsequently was superseded by
the Zeitschrift fuer Mineralogie. This jour-
nal in turn gave way to the Jahrbuch fuer
Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie, und Petre-
faktenkunde in 1830, which with but slight
modifications in the title has continued down
to the present day and is recognized as a
most powerful influence in the development
of the early sciences, especially in Europe.
The first comprehensive work on mineralogy
in America was Parker Cleaveland's "Ele-
mentary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geol-
ogy," a volume of 668 pages with numerous
crystal drawings and a colored geological map
of the eastern portion of the United States,
which appeared in 1816. In writing this text
it obviously was necessary for Cleaveland, who
was professor of mathematics and natural
philosophy, and lecturer on chemistry and
mineralogy in Bowdoin College, to which
position he had been appointed in 1805, to
draw freely upon European writers, especially
English, French and German. The incorpor-
ation of American localities was an arduous
task, for Cleaveland indicates that Bruce's
Mineralogical Journal, a paper by S. Godon
in the Memoirs of the American Academy,
and another by Dr. Adam Seybert, of Phila-
delphia, in the Medical Museum were almost
the only printed authorities which he em-
ployed.

In his introduction, Cleaveland stresses the
importance of mineralogy in the following

manner:

It may also be remarked that several arts and manufactures depend upon mineralogy for their existence; and that improvements and discoveries in the latter can not fail of extending their beneficial efforts to the aforementioned employments. In fine the study of mineralogy, whether it be viewed as tending to increase individual wealth, to improve and multiply arts and manufactures and thus promote the public good; or as affording a pleasant subject for scientific research, recommends itself to the attention of the citizen and scholar.

...

The text was received with great favo second edition in two volumes being issued 1822. Although later a third edition beca necessary, it was never prepared on acco of the failing health of the author.

In 1825 Samuel Robinson published elaborate list of American mineral locali entitled "A catalogue of American mine with their localities." The following Emmon's "Manual of Mineralogy and G ogy was issued. This was a text of pages. The part dealing with mineralogy the second general treatise on mineral published in America. Little attention given to crystallography. Descriptive eralogy was emphasized and 297 mine were described.

The next work on mineralogy by an Ar ican was the first part of the "Treatise Mineralogy," published in 1832, by Profe C. U. Shepard, who at that time was an sistant to Professor Silliman at Yale 1 versity. It was based on the work of M and was a small volume of 256 pages. was followed in 1835 by Part Two consis of two volumes of 630 pages. A se edition was published in 1844.