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this statement be included in the record of the hearings held May 14, 1975 by Representative Robert W. Kastenmeier.

The Music Library Association, on behalf of the public which its members serve, wishes to take exception to the exclusion of music from the library copying privileges specified in section 108 of H.R. 2223. We feel that patrons of music libraries should be granted the same rights of access to information as are extended to library users in other fields. We maintain that failure to recognize this equal right of access is discriminatory and contrary to the public interest. Although music may occupy a special position in the concert hall or on the air, music in the library is not substantially different from any other subject collection in the library. Music is widely studied in schools and universities not only as a performing art but as a humanistic discipline equivalent to English literature or history, and music libraries are constituted to serve these studies.

Most music libraries are located in large universities, liberal arts colleges, conservatories and large public libraries with extensive research collections. Music libraries are the repository for one thousand years of Western culture, the period for which we have notated readable records of our musical heritage. Scholars and students come to music libraries to examine and study these works. Such study is a demanding discipline and serious students need to study, analyze, and compare portions of complex musical scores in the same way that advanced students of medieval history, French, or biology need access to data in their respective fields. Just as the plays of Shakespeare represent more than a vehicle for actors to a specialist in English literature, so the symphonies of Beethoven are of intellectual and aesthetic concern to students and scholars of music.

Perhaps the committee is unaware that the exclusion of music in clause (h) of section 108 would restrict the works of Bach, Beethoven and Mozart as well as those of living composers. Edited versions of music from any century may be registered for Class E (musical composition) copyright. It is, in fact, almost impossible to find a score of any kind published in this century which does not bear a copyright notice, and this notice makes no distinction between editorial and authorship copyright. Thus the exclusion of music works in clause (h) will affect study not only of the music of Bela Bartok who died in 1945 but of works by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (d. 1791) and Guillaume de Machant (d. 1377). Such restriction may not be the intent of the legislature, but it will be the effect of the statute as it now stands.

Another characterization of music is the practice of issuing scholarly editions in large multi-volume anthologies and collected works. Such sets are customarily found only in libraries. Many of them have been out of print for years. Because of their value, volumes of such sets are rarely available for circulation. Restric tion of photocopying from such editions as included in 108 (h) would relegate their contents to library shelves where only those with time and the ability to use the scores in the reading room could benefit from them.

By way of contrast, most music libraries are not concerned with ephemera. For instance, the multitudinous lead sheets and guitar arrangements which constitute the bulk of copyright registrations do not find their way into the regular collection of the Library of Congress, much less into smaller libraries. Economics alone makes it impractical for libraries to house and care for material which does not have some social significance or enduring aesthetic value. Music publishers are apparently most concerned about the protection of current, salable, comparatively simple compositions. Restriction of library copying is not a very practical way to go about this. First, as we have pointed out, such works are not necessarily likely to be found in libraries. Secondly, any musician bound on infringement of such work, a popular song for example, could certainly take a melody and harmony down by ear from a recording or the radio more easily than he could locate a copy in a library.

Even professional performers of serious music do not use library copies to study and perform from. A pianist or a singer would rather have his own score if possible, one he can mark for his personal use and one he can keep forever. Even

photocopies do not have the convenience of the publisher's binding which is vital to the life of a well used score. Of course serious performers use libraries but it is chiefly to enlarge their horizons and understanding that they do so.

In any case we would like to remind the committee that the privileges granted in section 108 only apply to material which cannot be obtained through current trade sources. Presumably publishers will respond to popular demand by supplying materials to fill this need. On the other hand the library is frequently the only source for obscure, the out of print, the archaic work which is not in great demand but access to which is urgently needed by a very few.

Apparently the words "a musical work" were included in the exclusions to section 108 at the instigation of the Music Publishers Association, an organization of comparatively narrow economic interest whose chief function is the management of copyright royalties. We feel that we, not they, represent the public interest. The copying privileges extended in section 108 are not in the personal interest of librarians except insofar as the librarians are concerned for the public whom they serve. Photocopying certainly means more wear and tear on the books, and probably means more work for the librarian. The Music Library Association here speaks not for its members' convenience, but on behalf of the students and scholars who use our collections.

The existence of section 108 in H.R. 2223 recognizes the enrichment to our culture which scholarly study and its encouragement through libraries provide. Music is a vital part of our cultural heritage and its study as such is recognized as a legitimate scholarly discipline. There is no valid distinction between the scholarly use of music in a library and the similar use of scholarly materials in other disciplines. The exclusion of music from the privileges granted in section 108 would unfairly cripple musical scholarship, including research on music of the past as well as that of the present. Such an action would discriminate against musical scholars and would be contrary to the best interest of the public who are the ultimate beneficiaries of scholarship in general. Therefore, we respectfully request that the House Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights eliminate the words "a musical work" from section 108(h) of H.R. 2223.

STATEMENT OF FRANK McKenna, ExecutiIVE DIRECTOR, SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION, MAY 14 1975

Special Libraries Association wishes to record its substantial agreement with the provisions of §§ 106, 107 & 108 relating to library photocopying in H.R. 2223 (Revision of the Copyright Law). We wish, however, to make two specific comments and to urge that two specific changes be made:

(a) To comment on one item in § 107. Fair use;
(b) To comment on one item in § 108 (a) (1); and

(c) To urge vigorously for changes in two items, in § 108(g)(1) and (g) (2). Reproduction by libraries and archives.

Our comments are presented in the sequence:

1. Identification of Special Libraries Association and Its Interests.

2. Comments on § 107. Fair Use.

3. Comments on $108. Reproduction by Libraries and Archives: 3.1 § 109 (a) (1): 3.2 § 108 (g) (1) & (g) (2) ; 3.3 § 108 (h).

4. Conclusion.

1. Identification of Special Libraries Association and Its Interests.-Special Libraries Association, with 9,000 members, is the second largest library- and information-oriented organization in the United States, and the third largest in the world. It is estimated that there are more than 10,000 special libraries in the U.S. The concept of special libraries-or in better words-the concept of specialized libraries is not well known among the general public or even in some segments of the library community itself. The interests and activities of specialized libraries are described briefly in this document and in the annexed brochure.' SLA is an association of individuals and organizations with educational, 1 Annex. Special Library Sketchbook. S.L.A., N.Y. 1972. 45 p.

scientific and technical interests in library and information science and technology especially as these are applied in the selection, recording, retrieval and effective utilization of man's knowledge for the general welfare and the advancement of mankind.

Special Libraries Association was organized in 1909 to develop library and information resources for special segments of our communities which were not adequately served by public libraries or by libraries in educational institutions. At first the emphasis was on special subject coverage in each special library as it related to the interests and business of its parent organization, for example: sources of statistical data for both corporations and the agencies of the national government and state governments; business data for banks and investment firms; chemical information for the then developing chemical industry; engineering information for the emerging complexes of engineering and construction companies, etc.

During the past 66 years-and with particular growing needs for rapid information delivery since World War II-specialized libraries and information centers have been established in all segments of our nation's affairs. They exist in forprofit enterprises and not-for-profit organizations, as well as in government agencies. Some are open to public use, and others have restricted access (because of security classified materials) or are part of a for-profit organization (because of proprietary information). During this period of accelerated growth, the original emphasis on special subjects has been replaced more and more by the concept of specialized information services for a specialized clientele. An example of such a specialized information service for a specialized clientele is the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress. Although the Library of Congress (as a whole) is often called a "national library," the entire Library of Congress itself is, perhaps, an outstanding example of a definition of service to a specialized clientele: The Congress of the United States of America.

The specialized clients are normally the employees of the parent organization. The specialized information services are based on the speedy availability of information, both for current projects and for management determination of decisions regarding future efforts of the parent organization. To these ends, the members of SLA include not only librarians, but also persons who are subject specialists-so that they can evaluate and screen out the irrelevant, the redundant and the too often useless portions of the voluminous published literature. The totality of the literature includes not only the publications of commercial publishers of copyrighted books and periodicals, but also the avalanche output of government agencies (often with security handling requirements) plus the parent organization's own internal corporate documents (with the obvious need to protect proprietary or competitive information).

As a parenthetical observation, it should be noted that the pioneering work in machine use for information storage and retrieval (now computerized) took place in specialized libraries and information centers in the 1940's and 1950's. Similarly. the need for miniaturization of the bulk of the literature in microforms occurred through the influence of S.L.A.'s liaison with designers and manufacturers of microreading equipment.

Last, but not least, S.L.A. pioneered the concept of information networks-long before computers and other communication devices had been developed. S.L.A. has facilitated communications among its members through the Association's unique information network of Chapters and Divisions. Initiated more than 60 years ago, the network has been frequently updated in response to the needs of new informational requirements.

S.L.A. is organized in 26 Divisions which represent broad fields of specialization or information-handling techniques. These fields range alphabetically from Advertising, Aerospace, and Biological Sciences through Military Librarians, Museums, and Natural Resources, and on to Transportation, and Urban Affairs. S.L.A. is also organized in 47 regional Chapters which range geographically from Hawaii across the continental United States (plus two Chapters in Canada) and on to a European Chapter (which encompasses geographically all the nonSocialist countries of Europe).

Special Libraries Association in its own right is a publisher of three periodicals and an average of six books per year. Therefore the Association has its own interests as a publisher to conserve its sales income and royalty income. The Association's publications are needed by special groups, but they are in such areas of specialization that commercial publishers (or even vanity presses) would not touch them because of the small sales potential. Our subscription lists range from 12,000 as a high to 1,000 as a low. Our book sales average about 1,000

copies for each title with a range from 500 to our top category of "best sellers" at a level of about 3,000 copies sold per title.

2. Comments on § 107. Fair Use. The Association is in agreement with the delineation of "fair use" as stated in § 107. We feel, however, that it is necessary to comment specifically on one phrase in Item (4):

(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. [Emphasis indicated.]

We recognize that there may be some validity in the claims of some publishers of periodicals that they may have some loss of income due to multiple photocopying of a single article from an issue of the periodical that is still available in-print. If the issue is out-of-print (that is, if the publisher has not maintained his stock in-print or in-stock), it is difficult to conceive how a photocopy of out-of-print material can cause any loss of income to the publisher.

Further, the slow delivery by publishers to fulfill an order for a single in-print issue is totally unacceptable to the needs of our specialized users who are responsible for fast management decisions. There is little question that it is an administrative impossibility to secure publisher permissions to permit interlibrary response within any reasonable time. Moreover, the costs and delays in seeking such permissions would be prohibitive.

It is also necessary to note that the preparation of photocopies of periodical articles in libraries can not cause a loss of income to the authors. Authors are rarely paid by publishers of learned or trade periodicals (either as a one-time payment or as royalty payments). Indeed, the opposite direction of payment has become prevalent in recent years: a "page charge" is to be paid by the author or his employer to the publisher. These page charges are usually in the range of $50-$100 per printed page.

S. Comments on § 108. Reproduction by Libraries and Archives.-

3.1 Section 108 (a) (1).—The Association is concerned with a possible interpretation of § 108 (a) (1) :

(1) The reproduction or distribution is made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage; [Emphasis added.] Clarification of the meaning of the existing language is necessary because a majority of special library operations are conducted for purposes of "indirect commercial advantage" when the library's parent organization is in the business, industrial, or financial communities thru its products and services. It occurs to us that the existing language of § 108 (a) (1) may have been intended to prohibit a "commercial advantage" to an authorized or unauthorized reprinter or republisher of copyrighted materials.

We feel that our concerns can be alleviated by either of two actions: (a) by adding to § 108 (a) (1) a phrase such as

The reproduction or distribution is made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage to a reprinter or a republisher [Suggested addition italicized.]; or

(b) through appropriate commentary in the legislative history of H.R. 2223 without any change in § 108 (a) (1) as now written. Legislation to be enacted must not prevent or penalize the preparation of photocopies by any library. S.L.A. is, of course, particularly concerned about the status of specialized libraries-especially those in for-profit organizations. There will be immeasurable damage to the total economy and welfare of the nation if such intent were to be contained in the enacted version of H.R. 2223, or if such interpretation is possible after enactment of the law. The rapid transmission of man's knowledge either to not-for-profit or to for-profit organizations-must not be impeded by law.

Whether libraries request or produce photocopies, the libraries are acting solely as the agents for the individual and distinct users of libraries who in their totality represent all strata of our American society.

3.2 Sections 108 (g) (1) and 108 (g) (2).—Major concerns are raised by § 108(g) which was inserted after Senate hearings on § 1361 (93rd Congress). We wish to submit emphatic comments first on § 108 (g) (2) and then to return to § 108 (g) (1). (2) Engages in the systematic reproduction or distribution of single or multiple copies or phonorecords of material described in subsection (d). [Emphasis added.]

The Report accompanying § 1361 (93rd Congress) indicated that it had not been possible to formulate specific positive examples of "systematic copying." If

only negative examples can be developed, can there be any logical basis for the insertion of § 108 (g) (2)?

The Association urges that § 108 (g) (2) be:

(a) Deleted entirely, or

(b) That it be amended by adding a concluding clause to read:

“... of material described in subsection (d) so as to impair the potential market for a copyrighted work." [Suggested addition italicized.]

The Association is concerned that the inclusion of § 108 (g) (2)—as now statedin any final Act will seriously impede the spontaneity of research and the research capability of organizations that maintain special libraries and information centers whose purpose is to provide access to learned, technical, or specialized publications.

We are particularly concerned about any future construction that could be placed on allegations of "systematic reproduction or distribution" in § 108 (g) (2). The single word "systematic" has been shown to have an almost endless number of interpretations during the discussions of the "Conference on the Resolution of Copyright Issues" (Nov 1974-Apr 1975). The Conference was jointly convened by the Register of Copyrights and the chairman of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science.

It is important to recognize that all libraries act only as agents for their clients who request and receive the photocopies. Inclusion of the word "systematic" does not seem to comprehend the operations of libraries-or the nature of the requests from clients of libraries. Libraries provide photocopies of current or past publications in response to single, spontaneous requests from the library's clients. Research workers are often thought to be isolated individuals, but research itself is not an isolated activity. Therefore, spontaneous, isolated-yet single-requests for photocopies of the same article or segment in a copyrighted publication may be received from more than one requestor-each acting independently and spontaneously.

The word "systematic" has also been suggested to mean “within a library system." Library systems have been in existence for many years; public library systems in cities or in counties or multiple special libraries within a corporation or within a government agency. In more recent years, the concept of broader library systems (regional or statewide) has grown. Such systems have many other meaningful functions other than the preparation of photocopies so as to achieve economies in library functions (for example, shared cataloging, the acquisition of foreign publications or of rare and unusual materials, and the improved access of all citizens to informational materials of all kinds). Although publisher representatives have made claims that the number of subscribers has been diminished because of the existence of library systems, no evidence has been presented that any loss of subscription income has occurred. The above comments regarding § 108 (g) (2) are also applicable to §108(g) (1): (1) is aware or has substantial reason to believe that it is engaging in the related or concerted reproduction or distribution of multiple copies .. whether made on one occasion or over a period of time, and [whether intended for aggregate use by one or more individuals or for separate usc by the individual members of a group; . . .] [Emphasis added.]

If a number of single, isolated, spontaneous requests are received over a period of time (italic emphasis above), a library cannot become aware of such a series of events without instituting an extensive and costly system of records of past transactions.

In the case of multiple copy requests (bracketed italic emphasis above), payment of a per page copying fee to the publisher may be thought to provide an equitable solution provided that the costs to libraries for such reporting and payment mechanisms not be disproportionately great in relation to the copying fees to be paid. However, the two possible mechanisms proposed for payment of such copying fees completely negate the concept of "fair use" as stated in §107. The two mechanisms proposed are:

(a) A variable subscription pricing structure with a higher cost to libraries than to individuals. Thus the library would have paid a fee even if no photocopy is requested.

(b) A transaction fee per page would result in the payment of a fee even for the first photocopy of an item prepared unless the library were to set up a costly record keeping operation of all past photocopy requests.

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