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PREPARATION OF DATA.

In preparing this study for publication it was to set forth, as in other localities, the salient f immigrant iron and steel workers in a general sur information received from employees. To this detailed study of the Birmingham district, setting and other effects of immigration upon the sout

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CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

mmigration-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born Racial classification of employees at the present time-[Text Tables and General Table 363].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.

owing in detail the history of immigration to the iron and stry in the South according to race are not available. on of considerable value in this connection is supplied, by the reports of the United States Census, showing in way the composition of the working forces of the furnaces mills in the years 1880, 1890, and 1900. These statistics ated in the following tables:

– Number of iron and steel workers in the South, by nativity and State, 1900.a [Compiled from United States census report, 1900.]

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ole does not include the small number of females employed in unimportant positions in

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TABLE 635.-Number of iron and steel workers in the South, by

[Compiled from United States census report, 189

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TABLE 636.-Number of iron and steel workers in the South, by n

[Compiled from United States census report, 1880.)

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Total..

1 20 13 12

352 25 11 923 2, 183 299 1,800 64 204

It will be noted that the classification of worke each census. The census report of 1880 presents country of birth of the workers, both race and par regarded, and the census of 1890 indicates country addition, the number of colored workers and the g of the native-born whites. In the census of 1900, or the principles of presentation followed in both the suses have been abandoned, and the workers hav according to general nativity and color and cour parents. Because of this difference in classification to make an exact comparison between the returns periods, but country of birth of parents, in conn figures showing the number of native whites of for doubtless indicates origin with a precision sufficient 1 of a general study.

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Maryland.

ing the table further it will be noted that none of the of southern or eastern Europe were included in the classiof the censuses of 1880 and 1890, any employees born in ries referred to being classified under the caption "Other

The figures of the tables show that the States of the ling in the manufacture of iron and steel are, at the present bama, Kentucky, Maryland, Tennessee, and Virginia. In osition of the working force according to color and nativity, and Maryland are seen to be representative of conditions tion, and for this reason, as already pointed out, have been or detailed study.

the development of the iron and steel industry in Alabama begun. The total number of employees reported for the 352 as against 1,800, the returns for Maryland. All but w of the Alabama employees were native-born, while over nt of the Maryland employees were of foreign birth. Of n-born employees reported for Maryland the largest numof German and the second largest number of Irish birth. ndividuals were reported under the caption "Other counThe classification of this census supplies no information as Undoubtedly, however, a few of the native-born employees and and a very large proportion of those in Alabama were

decade from 1880 to 1890, while the number of employees ma increased tenfold as against an increase of only about in Maryland, there seems to have been but little change in osition of the working force in either State. The figures of 4 show that in 1890 considerably more than one-half of the es in Alabama were negroes and that only about 10 per cent ign-born. Among the foreign-born, natives of Great Britain, and Germany had, in the order mentioned, the largest repre1. Of the Maryland employees, slightly over one-sixth were orn persons from Germany, Ireland, and Great Britain, while 2 and 3 per cent were negroes. Neither in Alabama nor in 1 were there more than a very few individuals of southern or European nativity.

en 1890 and 1900 the number of employees in Maryland about 50 per cent and the number in Alabama increased an 100 per cent. At the same time the composition of the force changed to a certain degree in Maryland, but hardly Alabama. The proportion of negroes increased very mateAmong the foreign-born the proportion of individuals of and eastern European nativity was still very small. In a almost two-thirds of all the employees were negroes and ttle over 5 per cent were of foreign birth, a percentage cony lower than the corresponding percentage for 1890. The on of persons of southern and eastern European parentage n smaller than in Maryland.

gures of the tables presented show that up to 1900 the South received any considerable proportion of the tide of recent ation which has become so material a factor in the iron and lustry in other sections of the country. Since 1900, however,

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rially increased, the operating forces of the furna bama and Maryland being largely recruited fro from this source.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES

EMPLOYEES.

The period of residence in this country of for steel workers does not afford as satisfactory an movements to the South as in the case in othe reason that direct immigration to the South is co the incoming immigrant usually living for a sho other sections before migrating to the southern

The following tables, however, are of value in s percentage of foreign-born male employees for was received who had been in the United States ber of years. The columns showing proportions i under five years in the first table are grouped in second table.

TABLE 637.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the Un 1 year, 2 years, etc., by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the Unit made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more however, is for all foreign-born.]

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