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anities within the area under discussion. The following tables. the number of iron and steel workers employed in Chicago, and, Milwaukee, and Toledo according to the nativity of the yees and, in the first table, the country of birth of their parents, > census periods 1880, 1890, and 1900.

559.-Number of iron and steel workers in the Middle West, by nativity and city,

1900.

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60.— Number of iron and steel workers in the Middle West, by nativity and city,

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TABLE 561.-Number of iron and steel workers in the Middle W

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[Compiled from United States census of 1880, volume not

Cleveland, Milwau

Wis

The foregoing tables exhibit in a local way the movements that are set forth by the tables for West for the same periods. Prior to 1890 only A immigrants from Great Britain and northern ployed in the steel works, but during the ten y considerable numbers of southern and eastern Eur industry. Within the past ten years the racial d were characteristic of the last decade of the past ce steadily stronger. The larger part of the labor ne growing demands of the iron and steel mills of th together with the occupations vacated by a large Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and German employees industry, been supplied by members of the race eastern Europe.

Original information was also secured as to employment of various races in the iron and steel sentative localities, and a summary account is giv to cities. This history of immigration to iron a ments in selected localities not only furnishes ar movements during recent years but also affords movements to the industry which have been char tions in the Middle West.

South Chicago is that portion of the city of between Seventy-first street on the north and thirty-eighth street on the south, east of Lake Cal on the east by Lake Michigan. The principal fie in the locality is furnished by the steel mills. Ma shops and shipyards are also located in the com Irish, Poles, Swedes, Slovaks, Magyars, and Lith employed in the largest numbers in the steel plant lishments.

The total population of this portion of the city, called, is estimated to be about 90,000 individu time, apportioned among the different races as s ment next presented.

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n the steel industry was first established in South Chicago in he workmen were principally Americans, English, Germans, and together with a few Belgians and Dutch. During the ten Following the starting into operation of the steel mills considnumbers of Scandinavians, together with a few Bohemians les, were given employment. The Poles first settled in South o during the latter part of the decade 1870 to 1880, and immia became large in the early eighties and continued so until 1893. After the country began to revive from the industrial sion of 1893 and 1894, this immigration was even larger than previous years. The financial depression of 1907 stopped this ient and at present only small numbers of Poles are arriving. 1880 the first Bohemians settled in South Chicago, but seem e come, not from Bohemia, but from the city of Chicago, and attracted by the opportunities for employment in South ChiThis immigration practically stopped in 1893. A few Lithuarrived in 1890, but not many until 1896 and after.

w Slovaks and Magyars came in 1892, but the immigration e races did not attain any importance until several years later. roatians began to come in 1893, but this immigration was not ntil 1897 or 1898. Roumanians arrived in 1904, and Servians, North and South Italians, Bulgarians, and Macedonians in and 1906. The Scandinavians began to leave the steel mills 1894 in order to purchase small farm and return to the occupahich they had followed abroad. By the year 1900 practically he Scandinavian workmen had disappeared.

TOLEDO, OHIO.

s estimated that there are at present 15,000 Poles in Toledo. rrival of this race dates from 1850, when a few single men to Toledo to work in the lumber yards. In 1868, 10 families, 1870, 25 families, came directly from their native land in se to advertisements for labor. Other families migrated to y from various sections of the United States and in 1874 the r of Polish families had increased to 150. Their immigration y from Europe also steadily increased. In 1876, when the first church was erected in the city, there were 300 Polish fami

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native land to the city, the principal additions to outside sources consisting of Poles from other lo States.

The Magyars first came to Toledo about 1890, was a steady, though not very large, influx of n Practically all were from the province of Abang estimated number in the city at present is 1,80 500 families.

The Slovaks have been seeking employment i past fifteen years, but not to any great extent, a ber in the city to-day is somewhere near 800 all to 200 families. The population of the city also i Russian Hebrews who have been coming to Tole considerable number of whom are employed in th docks. A very small number of Bulgarians, w Toledo during the past four years, are also at wo and furnaces. The small numbers of Greeks and are not employed in connection with the steel engaged chiefly in small business enterprises.

GARY, IND.

This city was founded in 1906, and has been plans formulated for the purpose of making it the of the United States." The property of the local mills of which furnish employment to the male po age, extends for a distance of 7 miles east and wes and from Lake Michigan to the limits of the t From an industrial standpoint the community is it probably represents a movement toward the southern shores of Lake Michigan of the produ large scale. As regards the city from the point o tion, it is significant for the reason that it furnish industrial community of recent growth of which the population and working force is composed of races of recent immigration from southern an According to conservative estimates the total po 1909 was estimated to be 15,000, composed of th American, German, Irish, English, and Swedish.. Croatian..

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Italian...

4, 200

Russian..

4,000

Greek...

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From the above estimate it will be seen that th predominate over the other more recent immigran was also the first of this class to be employed he the summer of 1906 and were first employed in c the town site. They were followed in the fall of t Italians, who worked princinally on the railroad

vicinity. It is claimed, however, that there are only about oneas many Italians here now as then. Since the fall of 1906 there een such a continual stream of the other races that it is imposor those most conversant with the history of the town to specify were the first to arrive. The majority of the more recent rants did not come directly from Europe, but migrated from stown and Lorain, Ohio, and Lackawanna, N. Y.

GRANITE CITY AND MADISON, ILL.

se two cities, which are merged to form practically one indusenter, afford, as in the case of Gary, Ind., a striking illustration ommunity largely composed of recent immigrants, which has up within a few years around the steel industry. The present Granite City and Madison, which is on the Illinois side of the sippi several miles north of East St. Louis and within sight of uis proper, in 1892 was an unbroken stretch of cornfields. onstruction of rolling mills was begun on the present location two cities in 1892, and when the plant started operations in the employees consisted of Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh and a small number of Poles who came from St. Louis. y afterwards a plant for manufacturing granite and metal ware uilt, and the majority of the operatives of this establishment as composed of English-speaking and German races. A conble number of negroes were also employed in the two local rises, and until 1900 no other recent immigrants, except the already mentioned, appeared in the community.

1896 a large steel plant, however, including blast furnaces, mills, and foundries, was established in the community, and 1 another plant of the same description began operations. ears later a company located a plant in Madison for the purpose Iding and repairing wooden and steel cars and offered employto about 3,000 men. About the same time a large corncts refining establishment located in Granite City and added to mand for labor. As a consequence, the local sources of labor v after 1900 were inadequate, and recent immigrants of races southern and eastern Europe were attracted to the locality. 00 Slovaks from St. Louis were employed in considerable numand two years later Magyars and Croatians arrived. Mixed s of Roumanians, Greeks, and Servians followed. By 1904 migrant population of the two cities was approximately as

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ing the two years 1904 and 1905 there set in a heavy tide of

Smell numbers of this race first come from

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