PART III. THE CIGAR AND TOBACCO MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE MIDDLE WEST.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

Explanation of study-Employees for whom information was secured-[Text Table 68 and General Table 33].

EXPLANATION OF STUDY.

The statistical basis of Part II consists of the data secured for employees of cigar and tobacco factories located in the States of Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Historical and descriptive data have also been added showing the racial movements to and working conditions in the establishments of the Middle West.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The extent of the information secured in the Middle West is exhibited by the following table which shows by sex the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom information was obtained:

TABLE 68.-Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex.

TABLE 68.-Employees for each race for whom information was secured, by sex-Cont'd.

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees Racial classification of employees at the present time [Text Tables 69 to 73 and General Table 34.]

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.

Data showing in detail the history of immigration to the cigar and tobacco industry in the Middle West are, unfortunately, unavailable. The returns of the United States Census Office show, however, the composition of the working force in recent census years, and from this material it is possible to determine, in a general way, the movement of immigration to the industry. In the following table the tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West in the year 1880 are classified according to country of birth:

TABLE 69.-Number of tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West, by country of birth, in 1880.

[Compiled from Census of 1880-Population (cf. Occupations).]

It will be noted from the above table that in 1880, in all the States for which information is given, the native-born workers outnumbered the foreign-born workers. The proportion of native-born workers was considerably larger in Indiana, Missouri, and Ohio than in Illinois or Wisconsin. Among the foreign-born workers in each of the several States persons of German nativity have by far the largest representation. None of the countries of southern or eastern Europe are included in the census classification, and the proportion of employees classified under the caption "Other countries" is comparatively small.

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The following table shows the tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West in 1890, by general nativity and country of birth:

TABLE 70.-Number of tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West, by general nativity and country of birth, in 1890.

[Compiled from Census of 1890-Population (cf. Part II, Occupations).]

In 1890 the native-born employees of the industry outnumbered the foreign-born employees in all of the States for which the figures are presented in the table. The proportion of foreign-born employees was largest in Illinois and smaller in Ohio and Missouri than in Wisconsin. The figures for Indiana are for female employees only. Among the foreign-born workers the Germans had by far the largest representation in each of the several States. Natives of Sweden and Norway and of Great Britain were present in considerable numbers in Illinois. While the census classification does not include any of the countries of Southern or Eastern Europe, 628 employees in Illinois, 257 in Ohio, 203 in Missouri, and 178 in Wisconsin are classified under the caption "Other countries."

In the following table the tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West for 1900 are classified by country of birth of parents and by general nativity:

TABLE 71.-Number of tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West, by country of birth of parents and by general nativity, in 1900.

TABLE 71.-Number of tobacco, cigar, and cigarette workers in the Middle West, by country of birth of parents and by general nativity, in 1900—Continued.

It will be noted that there is a marked difference between the classification of employees made use of in the above table and that made use of in the two preceding tables. In 1900 workers were classified by general nativity and by country of birth of parents, instead of by country of birth as in 1880 and 1890.

It appears from the table that in 1900, as in 1880 and 1890, the native-born employees considerably outnumbered the foreign-born employees in all of the States for which the data are presented. The proportion of foreign-born employees was largest in Illinois and larger in Wisconsin than in Missouri, Ohio, or Indiana. Among the employees who had one or both parents born abroad those of German parentage had by far the largest representation in each of the several States for which information is given in the table. There was also a considerable proportion of employees of Irish and British parentage in several of the States. It will be noted that persons of Polish and Russian parentage were employed in the industry in considerable numbers.

From the above series of tables it appears that the general employment of workers of the races of recent immigration of the cigar and tobacco industry in the Middle West began at some time between 1890 and 1900. At the present time the proportion of workers of these races is considerable. It further appears that in the Middle West the native-born employees of this industry outnumbered the foreignborn employees as recently as 1900.