understood by the annexed plate. (Fig. 1.) The form of the apparatus may be bette AABB, section of leaden chamber, whose bottom BB is inclined, in order that the stratum of water CC may be drawn off, after it is charged with acid. however necessary to form the apparatus of nitric acid, and 1 lb. of molasses. From While this action is going on, the water in the steam boiler is heated; at the end of about two hours from the introduction of the sulphur, a stopcock upon the pipe is opened, and the steam permitted to enter the chamber. In a few minutes, a condensaImproved Method of Manufacture.-The tion begins, which renders it necessary to method which is on all accounts the best, admit atmospheric air, in order to prevent is that of Payen. We shall, therefore, de-collapse. This is done by opening the circular hole in the door by which the charge is introduced. scribe it in detail. The chamber of lead has a capacity of about 20,000 cubic feet, and is of the following dimensions: Length, 50 feet. From one end of the top two chimnies rise to a height of at least 15 feet. These are about 18 inches square, and communicate with the chamber by water-valves, so constructed as to prevent any return of gas downwards, without interfering with the upward draught, but also capable of being opened for the re-admission of atmospheric air, when the process is completed. At the opposite end of the chamber, a circular hole of 8 feet in diameter is made in the leaden floor. To this a cylinder of sheet lead is soldered, which rises about 10 inches into the chamber, and projects about 7 feet beneath it. The lower end of this cylinder is turned inwards, and bent up os as to form a circular channel, in which a quantity of acid liquor is constantly kept, for the purpose of preventing the lead from being melted by the burning sulphur. The heat, which is thus prevented from reaching the lead, serves to concentrate the acid liquor. Within the opening left in the bottom of the cylinder, a circular plate of cast-iron is placed, about 34 feet in diameter, and slightly concave on its upper surface. Beneath this plate is a furnace, by which it may be heated until it becomes capable of inflaming the sulphur. The sulphur is introduced by a door made in the side of the cylinder, about 2 feet in height and 18 inches in breadth. At the lower part of this door is a small hole about one inch in diameter. By the same door a small capsule of platinum may be introduced, which is separated from the plate which receives the sulphur, by an iron tripod. In the vicinity of the chamber, a steam boiler with its furnace and chimney are placed. This boiler communicates with the middle of the chamber by a pipe 1 inch in diameter, having a plate at its extremity, by which the opening is reduced to a circle of the diameter of inch. The fire surface of this boiler is about 5 square feet. In order to commence the process, the door in the cylinder and the valves of the chimnies are closed; a fire is lighted in the furnace, and when the plate is so far heated as to inflame a teaspoonful of sulphur thrown upon it, 100 lbs. of sulphur are put in. At the same time the platinum capsule is charged with a mixture of 9 lbs. of the lower end, so as to form a channel, D, cylinder of sheet lead, turned up at which contains a layer of acidulated liquor, EE. sulphur, which is heated by the furnace G. I, valve to prevent the entrance of air. LL, pipe which conveys steam from the boiler to the chamber. M, stopcock. The injection of steam is continued for an hour after the nitric acid sulphurous va. pors are condensed. It is then permitted N, furnace for heating the steam-boiler. to condense in its turn. When this vapor O, capsule of platinum to receive a mixis wholly condensed, the door and the valvesture of nitric acid and molasses. in the chimnies are opened, in order to give As many as four charges may be confree access to atmospheric air, and when sumed in this apparatus in 24 hours; but he ventilation is complete, they are again it is better to be content with three, or even closed, preparatory to a renewal of the ope- two. In the latter case, the condensation ration. is more complete, and the product from a B given quantity of sulphur, larger; the||rection. The position of these tubes is chamber, also, is less liable to injury. higher than the horizontal diameter of the This method gives, with ordinary care, disk, and the inclination towards the inteas large a product of acid as that of Chap-rior of the cylinder is downwards. One tal, say 300 pts. for 100 of sulphur. of these tubes is used for the introduction of the acid, the other conveys the gas to the condensing apparatus. The nitric acid is not wasted, for by its action on the molasses, a quantity of oxalic acid is obtained, whose value is more than equal to their joint cost. The condensing apparatus is formed of a number of three necked vessels, similar 3. NITRIC ACID. AUTHORITY.-DUMAS. Chimic appliquee aux arts. ratories by the action of sulphuric acid History-Nitric acid is prepared in laboupon nitric (nitrate of potassa.) The first attempt at manufacture on a large scale, was by the decomposition of nitre by means of clay in earthen retorts. Since the im provements in the manufacture of sulphu Sulphuric Acid, of Nordhausen.-Com-in form and use to the bottles of Wolf's ap-ric acid, the action of this acid on nitre has The mon sulphuric acid contains water as one paratus. They are arranged in two rows, been also made use of on a large scale. of its essential constituents, and is, there-of twenty each. Each vessel of the first The best apparatus for decomposition is fore, a hydrate. But sulphuric acid may row receives gas from one of the cylinders, composed of iron cylinders, exactly similar also exist uncombined with water. In this by means of a bent tube, and is also con- to those described as used in the manustate it is solid at ordinary temperatures. nected by bent tubes with the two contigu- facture of muriatic acid. Four of these The sulphuric acid of Nordhausen is made ous vessels, with the exception of the first are arranged in a single furnace. up of various proportions of hydrated and and last vessel of the row. In the first ves-condensing apparatus is composed also of anhydrous acid; it also contains sulphur-sel, the third neck is closed, but the last three necked bottles; four rows of these ous acid, whose presence is accidental. has a pipe connected with it, which con- are necessary, the two first of which are This acid is made at Nordhausen, by the veys the gas which has not been condensed immersed in a cistern of water. distillation of sulphate of iron, but the de- to the corresponding vessel of the second tails of the process have not been made pub-row, which becomes first in order. The lic. The following method will, however, number of vessels in the second row is the give a similar product. same as in the first, and they are connectDry sulphate of iron is placed in an earth-ed by bent tubes in such manner that the en retort; the neck of this is luted to a gas passes into them in regular succession, receiver charged to about half its depth until the whole is condensed. The first with common sulpuric acid, in which the row of vessels is kept cool by immersing anhydrous acid driven by heat from the them in a cistern of water; this is slowly sulphate of iron is condensed. In manu changed by admitting cold water at the botfactures on a large scale, several globular tom of the cistern, and allowing the heated receivers communicating with each other, water to run off at top. The arrangewould be necessary, and cylinders of earthment of a cylinder and the condensing apenware might be substituted for the retort. 2. MURIATIC ACID. AUTHORITIES.-PARKES. Chemical Essays. paratus may be understood by reference to A, cast-iron cylinder. DD, circular disks to close the ends of the cylinder. E, tubes by which sulphuric acid is intro- F, tube to which the glass tubes which H, glass receiver, with three necks. DUMAS. Chimic appliquee aux arts. History.-Muriatic acid was at first manufactured only on the small scale, and in glass vessels. Vessels of earthenware were next substituted, and to these succeeded retorts of lead. The lead retorts being found incapable of bearing a sufficient heat, were replaced by cast-iron kettles, closed by covers of lead. The last named method is still employed in England. The manufacture Each cylinder is charged with 160 lbs. of soda from common salt having become of salt, and to this is added, after the sever a process of much importance in France, al joints have been closed by luting, 134 a simple and ingenious apparatus was con- lbs. of sulphuric acid, of the density of 18.* structed for the purpose of decomposing The furnace must be so constructed that salt by sulphuric acid. At first, the quan- the cylinders shall be completely enveloped tity of muriatic acid gas which was thus in the flame, in order that they may not be set free, was so great that if condensed, it would have been unsaleable; but as the ap made as brisk as possible at first, and dibroken by unequal expansion. plications of the liquid acid in the arts beminished when the gas comes over freely. came more extensive, condensing appara-At the end of the process the heat is again tus were connected with that for the decomposition of the salt. Manufacture. The best apparatus for the decomposition of salt by sulphuric acid, The fire is The cylinders are charged each with a mixture of nitrate of potassa, and the strongest sulphuric acid of commerce, in the proportion of 100 parts of the former to 60 of the latter. The nitre ought to be purified. The several joints are luted with clay, which is covered with loam, mixed with horse-dung. The heat must be gradually raised, and well regulated. The process is known to be nearly finished when red fumes no longer appear in the glass tubes; a sudden increase of heat is then given, in order to separate the residue of the acid. The fire is then extinguished, the heads of the cylinders opened, and the sulphate of potassa which remains is easily taken out by iron tongs. The acid condensed in the first row of bottles contains sulphuric acid, and is the least pure. That condensed in the second, and part of the third rows, contains no other impurity but nitrous acid gas, and chlorine. These may be separated by boiling in glass retorts. The acid ought then to be co'orless, and have :he density of 1-333, in which state it is brought into the market. The liquor in the last row of vessels is weak, and is placed in a succeeding process in the first and second rows, in order to receive a higher charge of acid. The two last rows of vessels must always be charged with pure water, in order that the condensation may be complete. * II. ALKALIS OF COMMERCE. 1. Pot and Pearl Ashes, and Salt of Tartar.-The basis of these several substances raised, in order that the residuum may be is potassa combined with carbonic acid. left in a liquid state, and thus be more ea- This compound retains an alkaline reac. sily discharged from the cylinder. tion, and is therefore properly a subcarbonEach of the vessels of the condensing||ate, although usually called the carbonate is composed of several cylinders of cast-apparatus must be half full of water, which of potassa. This carbonate is rendered iron. Each cylinder is about five feet in will conduce about 1-5th of its weight of impure by the mixture of earthy and vegelength, and eighteen inches in diameter. gaseous acid. The purest acid is condensed table matter, and some metallic oxides. The thickness of the metal is about one in the second row of vessels; that which of these, potash contains the greatest quaninch. The cylinders are arranged hori-is condensed in the first, contains a little tity, and salt of tartar the least. zontally and in pairs, each pair being built sulphuric acid, and sometimes sulphate into a separate furnace, and the flues froin of soda, and chloride of iron. ten such furnaces are united in a single chimney. The ends of the cylinders reach the surface of the masonry of the furnace. The two ends of each cylinder are closed by disks of cast-iron, an inch in thickness. Each of these disks has a handle cast upon it, and a small tube cast in an inclined di By this method 100 parts of common salt give 130 parts of liquid acid of the density of 1.190t, and the loss is no more than about 9 per cent. By other processes little more than half the quantity is obtained. *65° of Beaume. +23° of Beaume. Potash is prepared from wood ashes, which are made in great quantities in clearing wood land in order to bring it into cultivation. This product is of so much value, that during the wars of the French revolution, when, for reasons hereafter to be mentioned, it maintained a high *96° of Reaumo. price, the whole cost of clearing our forests was defrayed by it. The substance known in the shops as sal-soda or common soda, is usually obtained from barilla or kelp, by lixiviation and crystalization, so conducted as to separate the several soluble matters in the order of their respective solubilities. wine, in countries where that liquor is manufactured. In the several decantations to As practised in this country, the art of which it must be subjected, solid matter is making potash begins by piling logs in left in the tons and casks. This is put in heaps, in the fields whence they are cut. bags and pressed. The paste thus obtain These, when sufficiently dry, are set oned is bent, by the pressure, into the form of fire, and burnt to ashes. It is better that roofing-tile, and is dried upon planks in - a trench be formed in which to build the the sun. pile, in order that the combustion may be gradual, for when it is too rapid a purt of the ashes is carried off by currents of air. These ashes are then lixiviated, and the ley evaporated to dryness. The lixiviation is performed in tubs, or vats. A hole is pierced in the bottom of each of these, to which a spiggot is applied; this hole is covered with a piece of earthenware, to pre-ntil the space inclosed within the wall is that it cannot be supplied by the ashes of filled. The wall is then gradually raised marine plants: it has therefore been obtainand the heaps of lees increased, until all thated from common salt, and the manufacture have been prepared are consumed, if less from this material is now successfully conhan 1000 cakes, at which number the ducted in France. process ceases. The combustion is to be maintained in a regular and steady man ner, by varying the quantity of the lees which are added. The carbonate of soda, which exists in barilla and kelp, has an alkaline reaction, These masses are then burnt on a circu- and is composed of one equivalent of soda lar floor of well beaten earth, about six feet to two of acid. Another carbonate is used in diameter, which is surrounded by a wall in the manufacture of soda water, which is of brick without inortar, about 8 inches in composed of one equivalent of soda to three height, A faggot of twigs is placed in the of acid. The same salt exists native in centre and set on fire; this is surrounded|| Africa, and is known under the name of by about 20 of the dry cakes. As soon as nation. they are inflamed, inore cakes are added, The demand for soda in the arts is such, vent it from being choaked. The bottom of the vat is covered with straw, on which a piece of canvass is laid. The rest of the vat is filled with dry ashes. Water is gradually added to the ashes, until they are The first part of the process is the same thoroughly moistened, in which operation as that described for the manufacture of they subside, and the space which is thus muriatic acid. The residuum in the cylin left is filled up with water. The whole is [ders, after the whole of the acid has been left at rest for 12 hours, when the spiggot The ashes obtained weigh about one-evolved, is sulphate of soda. is withdrawn, and the liquor permitted to sixth of the weight of the lees employed, To decompose sulphate of soda, various escape. The tub is again filled with wa-and contain about half their weight of car-modes have been proposed, but that which ter, which remains in contact with the ashes bonate of potassa. They are therefore suf has superceded all the others is the inven for two or three hours, when it is drawn off; ficiently rich to be used, without further ion of a French manufacturer of the name and this operation is repeated until the al-preparation, in several arts; but in order to of Leblanc. kaline matter in the tub is exhausted. The obtain the salt of tartar, they must be lixi weak liquors last obtained are heated and viated, and the ley evaporated to dryness. PROCESS OF LEBLANC FOR THE MANUFACused to lixiviate fresh ashes. The earlier TURE OF ARTIFICIAL SODA. 2. Barilla, Kelp and Sal-Soda.-Barilla runnings are evaporated in cast-iron ves-and kelp contain a carbonate of soda anala- AUTHORITY, DUMAS. Chimic appliquee aux arts. sels having the shape of a portion of a gous to that of potassa, which is procured History-Sulphate of soda may be consphere, and which are known by the name from the ashes of wood. They are obtain-verted into sulphuret of sodium by calcinaof potash kettles. It is more convenient to ed from marine plants, or those which tion with charcoal. The sulphuret of sodiprepare it for these, in evaporators of sheet grow in the immediate vicinity of salt wa- um is soluble in water, and may be convertiron, which may also be used to heat the Barilla is manufactured from the saled into bi-carbonate of soda by passing a weak liquors, which are to be used a second sola soda, which is cultivated in great quan- current of carbonic acid through the solu time in lixiviation. When evaporated to tities on the Mediterranean coast of Spain, tion; for under the influence of that acid, dryness, the lower part of the mass in the for the purpose. The plants, when they the sodium will decompose the water, and kettle is partially fused, and the whole forms have attained their full growth, are cut and unite with its oxygen. A gentle calcinaa hard cake, which must be broken by a dried in the air. They are then burnt in tion will cause the bi-carbonate to part with mallet and chisel. pits about a yard in depth and 3 feet its excess of acid. There are, however, In this form it is packed into casks, and square. The combustion lasts several days, but few cases where this plan could be adknown in commerce by the name of potash.and the product is a hard, compact mass, vantageously employed. Before the French It is of a brown color, owing to the presence partially fused. It is so rich in soda that revolution, sulphate of soda was heated in of soluble vegetable matter. As it is deli-it is not necessary to lixiviate it, but it may a furnace with charcoal and iron. quescent, it is liable to damage from ex-be employed in many of the arts withou posure to the air. any further preparation. The quantity of carbonate of soda varies from 25 to 30 per ter. cent. The product was a fused mixture of caustic soda and sulphuret of iron. But this method is no longer practised. Damaged potash, and that of inferior quality, is converted into pearlash by expos Rationale.-In Leblanc's process, 1000 ing it to heat in an air furnace. This fur- An inferior quality of barilla is prepared p's. of dry sulphate of soda are mixed with nace is heated with wood, and is composed in the south of France, from the salicorn 1000 pts. of chalk (carbonate of lime), and 550 of a horizontal hearth covered by an arch, annua. This does not contain more than of charcoal in powder. The proportions are on which the potash is laid, and two fire-15 per cent. of carbonate of soda. nearly the same as 2 equivalents of sul places. The smoke and heated air escape Kelp or wareck is made on the north phate of soda, 3 of carbonate of lime, and 18 on the side of the hearth opposite to that coast of France, and on those of Scotland of carbon. When these are heated together, on which the furnaces are placed. The and Ireland, from sea weed, (fucus,) which the sulphate of soda and two equivalents same opening which permits the escape of grows abundantly on the rocks which are of the carbonate of lime mutually decomthe smoke serves for the introduction of the within reach of the tide. It does not con- pose each other, and become carbonate ol potash. The heat is sufficient to fuse the tain more than from 3 to 5 per cent. of car-soda and sulphate of lime; the latter is de potash, which would adhere to the hearth bonate of soda. It contains, however, a composed by the carbon, and becomes sulwere it not stirred. About an hour after large proportion of the sulphate of soda and phuret of calcium. This sulphuret being the fusion is complete, the vegetable matter potassa, and the chlorides of their metallic soluble in cold water, and being then retakes fire, and is converted into carbonic bases. It may, therefore, be employed as converted into sulphate, which in such case acid and vapor of water. If chloride of substance rich in alkaline matter, under would act upon the carbonate of soda to po'assa is presen', it is decomposed and de- circumstances which will insure the decom- produce a double decomposition, the third crepitates at the commencement of the ope- position of the sulphates, and the conver-equivalent of lime is necessary, for this ration. The substance thus becomes white,sion of the chlorides into oxides. The io forms with the sulphuret of calcium a comwith the exception of a few stains of a vio- dides of potassium and calcium are likewise pound which is insoluble in cold water. let color, which are owing to the presence constituent parts both of barilla and kelp, Manufacture.-The three substances above of the oxides of iron and manganese. and the greater part of the iodine used by mentioned, being mixed in the proper proporSalt of tartar is prepared from the lees of chemists is obtained from them. tion, are placed on the hearth of a reverbera over which a small streain of water rope, the collection of rags forms an object 'tory furnace, by means of a door left in the If the charge be 800 lbs. of sulphate of soda, and the proper proportions of the other materials, the action lasts about two hours; and about five charges may be acted upon in 24 hours. 3. AMMONIA-SAL AMMONIAC. History-The ancients were acquaint-density of 1.367*, and are then mixed with ed with a salt brought by way of Egypt from the Temple of Jupiter Ammon, in Lybia. As this was found in the stables of that temple, it was probably the triple phosphate of soda and ammonia. A subThe solid matter thus obtained is com-stance of different origin, (the muriate of posed of about equal parts of carbonate of ammonia,) being subsequently brought soda, and the compound of sulphuret of calicum and lime. Their joint weight is about 60 per cent. of that of the materials employed; the remaining 40 per cent. has gone off in the form of gas. the animoniacal liquor in the proportion of 1 to 2. By the double decomposition which is formed, which remains in solution in the ensues, a quantity of murate of ammonia liquid, while the carbonates of the earths latter are separated by decanting and filtraare precipitated in the sold form. The tion, and the liquid is evaporated to dryfrom Egypt, the name of the former (sal-ness. In this state, or merely crystalized, ammoniac,) was applied to it, for in the in- might be an article of trade, but as the fancy of chemical science the two substan- form of the Egyptian sal-ammoniac is reces were confounded. The manufacturequired by the consumers, it is sublimed in of sal-ammoniac was afterwards introduced glass balloons, exactly as in the Egyptian into Europe-putrescent animal substan-is obtained from that country, in being of a process, and it has a superiority over what ces being employed for the purpose of purer white. furnishing the volatile alkali. This manu facture received its greatest extension on the establishment of the abattoir des chevaux. at Montfaucon, near Paris. Still more recently, large quantities of ammoniacal liquor have been obtained at the works where gas is prepared from coal for the purpose of illumination. The carbonate of soda may be separated by lixiviation and evaporation to dryness. The latter process is performed in an apparatus composed of four boilers placed over the same flue. That which is farthest from the fire is merely used for heating the liquor to the boiling point; in the two next it is concentrated, and in that which is over the fire, the evaporation to dryness is completed. The dry mass obtained from the furnace in which the decomposition is effected, generally contains some sulphuret of so li um; by exposure to the air this is converted in hypo-slite of soda, which is AUTHORITY. Description d'el Egypte. soluble in water, and exists in the product Almost the only fuel employed in Lower obtained by evaporation to dryness as an Egypt is obtained by drying the dung of impurity. Pure and crystalizel carbonate camels and other animals. In the decom of soda may be obtained by permitting the ley to crystalize in cold weather. position of this, by the heat of the fire, mother waters of this process are evapora-ing volatile passes into the climmies, where muriate of ammonia is formed, which be. ted to dryness, and give a soda of inferior it is condensed along with carbonaceous quality. matters in the form of soot. The Process used in Egypt for the manufacture The sout being collected, is introduced Bones, horn, parings of hides, and almost all other refuse animal matter, whose putrefaction has commenced, when distilled at a low red heat, yield ammonia and its carboate. The horns of deer, in particular, yield ployed in the fabrication of the liquid known it in a tolerable degree of purity,and were emis spirits of hartshorn, a name that is still occasionally employed to designate the pure solution of ammonia which is obtained from the decomposition of its muriate. A sulphate of ammonia has been manufactured by filtering the liquid obtained by the dis illation of an mal substances through powdered sulphate of line (gypsum). The sulphate of animonia is obtained in the solid form by cyrstalization. This sulphate has also been converted into muriate, Ure, for an Englishman of the name of Mi. by mixing it with common salt and sublim ng. This method has been claimed, by Dr. nish, but it was invented many years since, in Germany, by Wensel. For the manufacture of the liquid ammo by the action of sulphuric acid on common salt. If the two gases be made to meet in a receiver lined with lead, the bottom of which is covered with a few inches of wa Such is the demand for the artificial soda' in France, that it has not been found pos-into large globular vessels of thin glass,ia, the sulphate answers as well as the sible to supply it, and at the same time until they are more than half full. save all the muriatic acid which is set free ber of these balloons are then placed in a A nu-muriate. Instead of iron cylinders, tight kilns of in the formation of the sulphate of sol. In species of long stove, the opening by which brick have been used for the decompo. many of the manufactories the common the soot was introduced being placed upper-sition of the animal matters. Mur atic salt and sulphuric acid are heated in a remost. Heat being applied to the bottom acid gas may be generated in a similar kiln, verberatory furnace, and the waste heat is of these vessels, the opening is closed as used to heat a secon1 furnace, in which the soon as the air contained in them has reach sulphate is decomposed. Hence the mixed vessel would be broken; and it is necessa ed its full expansion. If closed before, the gas and heated air is made to pass into ry, towards the close of the process, to keepter, the sides and top will be covered with large chambers filled with blocks of quick this opening free, by an iron rod. lime. This serves to condense a part of ervs'als of sal-ammoniac. The muriate of ammonia which is subthe acid. From this chamber the smoke limed from the soot, condenses on the upper be decomposed by quicklime, and gaseous The muriate or sulphate of ammonia may is conveyed, by a sloping channel also part of the interior surface of the globular ammonia evolved; or, by the addition of lined with quick lime, to a chimney. vessel, in the form of slender acicular crys-water, the solution of that gas in the liquid When a sufficient quantity of water cantals, which, by their aggregation, form a may be obtained, and conlensed in proper be commanded, the fumes are conveyedough, tenacious cake. In this form, it be receivers. This process is rather an object from the furnaces to a sloping channel, from 3 to 6 pounds, and are slightly black-cation to the arts. comes an article of trade. The cakes weigh of elementary chemistry, than of its applialong which a current of water flows, or ened by the carbonaceous matter. enter a lofty tower filled with pebbles, European Process.-In the cities of Eu- 40° of Beaume. METEOROLOGICAL RECORD, For the month of October, 1835, kept at Avoylle Ferry, Red River, La, (Lat. 31° 10' N., Long 91° 59′ w. nearly,) by P. G. VOORHIES. [Communicated for the American Railroad Journal.] 155 32 76 calm 270 82 73 OCTOBER. .. 360 80,72 clear cloudy clear .. REMARKS. ARCHIMEDES WORKS. porary magnet by the instantaneous reversTO CIVIL ENGINEERS. ing of its poles, and so on. The model WANTED, by a young man 21 years of age, a situa worked smoothly and with a very uniform on where he may acquire a thorough knowledge of Civil Engineering. The advertiser has some practical regulated motion, and appeared to be capa- knowledge of the construction of the steam engine and ble of working for a great length of time.other machinery, and is acquainted with drawing; he can be well recommended by his present employers, Mr. M'Gauley stated that the erosion of the for industry and integrity. Address I. G. A., at the zinc plate was so inconsiderable, that there office of this paper. 4-2tp was hardly any limit to the length of time that the model would continue working. The acid best suited to the purpose was a (100 North Moor st. N. 1.) mixture of one part nitric acid, two parts NEW YORK, Febr ary 12th, 1836. The undersigned begs l-ave to inform the proprie sulphuric, and one hundred water; he also tors of Railroads that they are prepared to furnish all stated that the acid in practice could be al-kinds of Machinery for Railroads, Locomotive Engines of any size, Car Wheels, such as are now in suc morning-ev'ng heaways renewed by having a constant drop-cessful operation on the Camden and mboy Railroad, ping of fresh acid liquor into the trough, none of which have failed--Castings of all kinds, while a similarly gentle discharge of the Wheels, Axles, and Boxes, furnished at shortest no H. R. DUNHAM & CO. spent acid from the trough could be kept 4-ytf light showers in m'ng vy thunder and rain Red river on a stand cloudy in the morn- rain all day at noon heavy rain He stated, that a numerical comparison of the economy of this mode of producing motive power with that depending upon the agency of steam, would give a vast preponderance in favor of this method, while the part of the power consumed in working the machine itself might be left entirely out of account, since the apparatus which changed the poles in his model, would equally suffice in a machine capable of working with the power of one hundred horses. In his model he only worked one of the two so't iron magnets, and its power was only that of lifting seven pounds, and yet this appeared to be sufficient to overcome all the -cloudy ev'g||| friction, inertia, and other impediments to motion, of the several parts of the machine. The exhibition of this model was received with sincere and reiterated applause, and many scientific men present expressed sanguine expectations of the value of the meth-of Castings required for Railroads. od in a practical point of view, all agreeing that it was the best attempt yet made of the many schemes that had been proposed for Builder of a superior style of Passenger Cars for Rail cloudy foggy morning cloudy all day 30,63,77 31 53 55 52 N cloudy cloudyevening-rain Red rivar fell this month 2 feet 11 inches-below high water mn k, 3 feet 4 inches. On the 7th Red producing motive power by the electroriver had rose this month 5 inches, and was then in. || magnet. below high water mark. From the London Mechanics' Magazine. ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MOVING POWRR. ence. taken in part payment. The above will be sold free of duty, to State Govern men's and Incorporated Governments, and the drawback A. & G. RALSTON, 9 South Front street, Phil: delphia. Molels and samples of all the different kinds of Rails, Chairs, Pins, Wedges, Spikes, and Splicing Plates, in use this this country and Great Britain, will be exhibited to those disposed to examine them. 4-d7 Imeowr It is but an act of justice to state that at part of the New York and Harlem Railroad now in the foregoing apparatus is in every respect similar to one described, some time ago, in Silliman's Journal, and being the invention of Professor Henry, of Princeton, N. J. A few weeks since we copied an article, stating that common cranberry juice externally applied to Ring Worms, would perfect a cure. Since that time, a person in our office, subject to this distemper, has ap- and Nails, from 3 to 10 inches, manufactured by the subplied the specific with entire success.-[Sy-scriber's Pa eut Machinery, which i fer five years suc racuse Standard.] British Association.-Section of Mathematics and General Physics.-'The Rev. Mr. M.Gauley exhibited the working model Prof. H., we understand, was the first to of a machine for producing moving power start an idea since frequently practised by the application of electro-magnetic influ- upon. The model consisted of a pendulum, the lower part of which was a magnet placed with its poles opposite to the ends of two horse-shoe bars of soft iron, round which were coiled helices of wire so arranged that by the end of the helices d.pping into cups of mercury the poles of a simple galvanic battery could be alternately made to communicate with the cups in one order, and the next instant the machine reversed that order by means of a system of bent wires, caused to vibrate upon an axis, the ends of these bent wires alternately dip-|| 300 dozens Ames' superior back-strap Shovels 150 do do ping into one pair of cups, and the next vi150 do do do cast steel Shovels & Spades bration into another; by these means the 50 do do Gold-mining Shovels 100 do do plated Spades soft iron horse-shoes are at one time a mag50 do do socket Shovels and Spades. net with the poles in one order, the pendu-Together with Pick Axes, Churn Drills, and Crow lum being then attracted towards both these Bars (steel pointed), manufactured from Salisbury repoles, but the next instant, the poles being fined Iron-for sale by the manufacturing agents, reversed, the pendulum is thrown forcibly back, while the opposite soft iron horse-shoe is now a magnet ready to attract it; then again it is thrown back from this second tem Railroad Companies may be supplied with Spikes hav ing countersink heads suitable to the holes iron rails. to any amount and on sort notice. A'most all the Railrads now in progress in the Unie! States are fastened with Spikes made at the above n med fact ry-for which purpo e they are found invaluable, as their adhesion is more than double any common spikes made by the ham. mer. All orders directed to the Agent, Troy, N. Y., will be punctually attended to. HENRY BURDEN, Agent. Troy, N. Y.. July, 1831. Spikes are kept for sale, at factory prices, by I. & Townsend, Albany. and the principal Iron Merchants in Albany and Troy; J. 1. Brower, 222 Water street, NewYork; A. M. Jones, Philadel; hia; T. Janviers, Baltimore; Degrand & Smith, Boston. P. S-Railroad Companies would do well to forward their orders as early as practicable, as the subscriber is desirous of extending the manufacturing so as to keep pace with the daily increasing demand for his Spikes. 1J23am H. BURDEN. |