perso pose bom And ou anch tion a 1 ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 535 originally issued." original patent was granted, in accordance fare in this act provided in the case of in- may he; The law enacts, "that any citizen of the United States, or alien, who shall have been resident in the United States one year next preceding, and shall have made oath of his inention to become a citizen thereof, papers If a subject of the King of Great Britain All other foreigners On entering an application for the On extending a patent beyond the For copies of patents, or any new issue for mistake or inad- other paper on file, for each 30.90 500 00 300 00 20 00 25.00 40 00 3.00 15 00 15 00 court, in any action in which its validityury of the United States, or into the patent may come in question." Extension of the patent beyond the fourteen to the credit of the treasurer, on presenting Every applicant must pay into the treasoffice, or into any of the deposite banks, years. ever any patentee of an invention or dis- If a foreigner, who has resided in Section eightenn enacts: "That when-If a citizen of the United States $30 00 his petition, as follows: Interfering applicatians. "Whenever an application shall be made may make application therefor, in writing, covery shall desire an extension of his patent beyond the term of its limitation, he for a patent, which, in the opinion of the to the commissioner of the patent office, the United States one year next commissioner, would interfere with any setting forth the grounds thereof; and the preceding the application for a other patent for which an application may commissioner shall, on the applicant's paypatent, and shall have made oath of his intention to become be pending, or with any unexpired patenting the sum of forty dollars to the credit of which shall have been granted, it shall be the treasury, as in the case of an original a citizen the duty of the commissioner to give notice application for a patent, cause to be pubto such applicants, or patentees, as the case lished, in one or more of the principal newsand if either shall be dissatisfied with the decision of the commissioner on such other paper or papers as he may deem the question of priority of right or invenin the city of Washington, and in tion, on a hearing thereof, he may appeal most interested, adversely, to the extension from such decision, on the like terms and of the patent, a notice of such application, proper, published in the section of country conditions as are provided in the case of ap-and of the time and place when and where plications for inven ions not new; and the the same will be considered, that any perlike procee lings shall be had to determine which, or whe her either of the applications extension should not be granted. And the is entitled to receive a patent, as prayed son may appear and show cause why the for." Secretary of State, the commissioner of the Caveats. patent office, and the solicitor of the treasry, shall constitute a board to hear and decide upon and shall sit for that purpose at the time and the evidence produced before them, both for and against the extension, place designated in the published notice who shall have invented any new art, machine, or improvement thereof, and shall d thereof. The patentee shall furnish to said sire further time to mature the same, may, on and of his receipts and expenditures, sufboard a statement, in writing, under oath, of the ascertained value of the invention, paying to the credit of the treasury, in manner as provided in the ninth section of this ficiently in detail to exhibit a true and faithact, the sum of twenty dollars, file in the ful account of loss and profit, in any manner patent office a caveat setting forth the deaccruing to him from and by reason of said sign and parpose thereof, and its principal invention. And if, upon hearing of the and distinguishing characteristics, and matter, it shall appear to the full and entire praying protection of his right, till he shall satisfaction of said board, having due rehave matured his invention: which sumgard to the public interest therein, that it is of twenty dollars, in case the person, filu gjust ad proper that the term of the patent such caveat shall afterwards take out a should be extended, by reason of the patenpatent for the invention therein mentionel, tee, without neglect or fault on his part, shall be considered a part of the sum here having failed to obtain, from the use and in required for the same. shall be filed in the confidential archives of ration for the time, ingenuity and expense And such caveat sale of his invention, a reasonable remunethe office, and preserved in secrecy. if application shall be made by any other tion thereof into use, it shall be the duty of And bestowed upon the same, and the introducperson, within one year from the time of the commissioner to renew and extend the filing such caveat, for a patent of any in-patent, by making a certificate thereon of vention with which it may in any respect such extension, for the term of seven years, interfere, it shall be the duty of the cominis from and after the expiration of the first sioner to deposite the description, specificaterm; which certificate, with a certifinate of tions, drawings, and model, in the confi- said board of their judgment and opinion as dential archives of the office, and to give aforeraid, shall be entered on record in the notice, by mail, to the person filing the ca-patent office; and thereupon the said paveat, of such application, who shall, with tent shall have the same effect in law as in three months after receiving the notice, though it had been originally granted for if he would avail himself of the benefit of the term of twenty-one years; and the his caveat, file his description, specifica-benefit of such renewal shall extend to astions, drawings, and model; and if, in the signees and grantees of the right to use the opinion of the commissioner, the specificaions of claim interfere with each other, like proceedings may be had in all respects as For copies of drawings, a rea sonable sum in proportion to the same 10 original drawings to accompany applications for patents, and gives only copies of N. B. The patent office does not make the same after the patent is completed.Draughtsmen in the city of Washington are always ready to make drawings, at the expense of the patentees. Frie office are free of postage. patents, should be transmitted in gold or in a deposite bank, for the fee for the patent, Where this can not be done without much inconvenience, site banks, a duplicate receipt should be taken, stating by whom the payment is In case of deposites, made in the depomade, and for what object. The particular thing patented, to the extent of their re- patent should be referred to, to enable the spective interest therein: Provided, how-applicant to recover back the twe y dolever, That no extension of a patent shall lars in case of withdrawal of : tition, tents not taken out. On recovering back Money paid for Pa-lieves has not been known or used prior to brackets, should be altered thus: [have the invention thereof by your petitioner.invented a new and useful machine, &c.] When a patentee relinquishes or aban-He therefore prays that letters patent of the and if an improvement only, thus: [have dons the application for a patent, he must United States may be granted to him there-invented a new and useful improvement on petition the commissioner of patents, sta- for, vesting in him and his legal representa-a, cr on the, machine, &c.] ting the abandonment or withdrawal of his tives the exclusive right to the same, upon petition, in which case twenty dollars will the terms and conditions expressed in the be repaid. act of Congress in that case made and pro- County of Hampden, State of Massachu vided; he having paid thirty dollars into the treasury, and complied with the other provisions of the said act. In case of withdrawing petition, the model deposited is by law retained. Further remedy in Equity for Patentees. In case of intefering applications with other pending applications or unexpired patents or caveats, a hearing is had before the commissioner of patents prior to the appeal to a board of arbitrators. In other cases the decision of the commissioner on the novelty and utility of the invention is made without a hearing, and from which an appeal may be taken to a court of arbi trators. “Whenever the applicant shall request ìt, the patent shall take date from the time of filing the specification and drawings, not however exceeding six months prior to the actual issuing of the patent; and, on like request, and the payment of the duty herein required, by any applicant, his specification and drawing shall be filed in the secret archieves of the office until he shall furnish the model, and the patent be issued, not exceeding the term of one year, the appli'cant being entitled to notice of interfering applications." A full description of the invention is re'quired to enable the commissioner of patents to judge of interferences. SEBASTIAN CABOT. Be it known, that I, Sebastian Cabot, of The nature of my invention consists in providing the upper part of a steam boiler. with an aperture, in addition to the safety valve, to be closed up with a plug or disk of of heat, to be governed by the proportions alloy, which will fuse at any given degree escape, should the safety valve fail to performing the alloy, and permit the steam to form its functions. setts, ss. Form of Oath. day of 183, before he subscriber, a justice of the peace in and for the said county, personally appeared the within named Sebastian Cabot, and made solemn oath (or affirmation) that he verily believes himself to be the original and first inventor of the mode herein described, of preventing steam boilers from bursting, and that he does not know or believe that the same was ever before known or used; and that he is a citizen of the United States: Signed, A. B., Justice of the Peace. If the following questions can be answered affirmatively before transmitting the pa pers, few applications will be returned for correction of omissions: 1. Is the fee transmitted? 2. Is the petition signed, and directed to the commissioner of patents? 3. Is the specification signed, and witnessed by two witnesses? &c. 7. Does the specification contain a specific claim? 8. If an alien and resident, is this affirm 9. Has the model been sent, and how? 10. Is the name of the inventor durably affixed to the same? To enable others skilled in the art to make and use my invention, I will proceed 4. Are the drawings signed, and witto describe its constrution and operation: Inessed by two witnesses? construct my steam boiler in any of the 5. Do the drawings contain references? known forms, and apply thereto gauge and if the specificatio refers to them, are cocks, a safety valve, and the other ap-duplicates sent? pendages of such boilers; but in order to 6. Has the inventor made oath to his be obviate the danger arising from the adhe-ing a citizen, and that his invention is new, sion of the safety valve, and from other causes, I make a second opening in the top of the boiler, similar to that made for the safety valve, and in this opening I insert a plug or disk of fusible alloy, securing it ined or sworn to? its place by a metal ring and screws, or otherwise. This fusible metal I, in general, compose of a mixture of lead, tin, and bismuth, in such proportions as will insure its melting at a given temperature, which must be that to which it is intended to limit 12. Has the oath of invention been rethe steam, and will, of course, vary with newed, before applying for a board of arbi· the pressure the boiler is intended to sustain. I surround the opening containing the fusible alloy, by a tube intended to conduct off any steam which may be discharged therefrom. When the temperature of the Personal attendance of the applicant at steam in such a boiler rises to its assigned the patent office, to obtain a patent, is unne-limit, the fusible alloy will melt, and allow cessary. The business can be done by the steam to escape freely, thereby securcorrespondence (free of postage) or by ing it from all darger of explosion. power of attorney. All applications will be examined, and patents issued, in the order of time in which the proper documents are completed. Exhibitions of Model and Manufactures. Unpatented models, specimens of compostions, and of fabrics, and other manufactures or works of art, will be received and arranged in the national repository of the patent office as soon as the new buiding is finished. Oaths. Any magistrate authorised to administer oaths is qualified to certify under this act. Form of Petition. To the Commissioner of Patents: The petition of Sebastian Cabot, of Cabotsville, in the county of Hampden, and State of Massachusetts, Respectfully represents : That your petitioner has invented a new [and improved mode of preventing steam boilers from bursting,] which he verily be What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by letters patent, is the application to the steam boilers, of a fusible alloy which will melt at a given temperature, and allow the steam to escape, as herein described; using for that purpose any metallic compound which will produce the intended effect. 11. In case of reissue, is the old patent surrendered? trators? 13. Have the fees un ler $5 been remitted in coin? All communicatious should be addressed to the commissioner of patents. HENRY L. ELLSWORTH, A new invention for brick making has been patented by one Sawyer. The bricks are made by it from dry clay, and are said to be superior to the common kind in beauty, strength and durability. The texture is much closer than thut of the common brick, so that the article absorbs less water, takes paint much better, not requiring more than one half necessary in the old way, and stands fire much longer. The frost likewise does not operate on it, and bricks are turned out of the new ma. If the thing desired to be patented be an chine, at one half the expense, or less, original machine, the title, in that part of than by any other mode now in use.→ the petition and specification between [Pennsylvania paper.] Witnesses: JOHN DOE. SEBASTIAN CABOT. AGRICULTURE, &c. THE DAIRY ITS PROFITS. The first object of a farmer in cultivating means as 18 region vary from 200 to 500 lbs. of cheese ||ing, and there are others, that if they give district, leads us to suppose that 350 lbs. to The breed of cows has a great influence 3500 lbs. cheese, 8 cts. per lb. $280 00 pose must be taken into considera-lows: tion. Its very situation will in a great measure determine the first; its cond.tion will of course be depending on the judicious or injudicious treatment it has received and as to number of acres, it is evident that without a certain quantity of them, some kinds of farming, such as grain raising, or wool growing, cannot be profitably undertaken. Perhaps there is no one branch of farming that can be so readily adopted to all farms great or small, as the dairy; and while it is clear to raise grain extensively a large farm must be required, and much labor and money expended, a medium farm, one of eighty or a hundred acres will be found best calculated for the dairy, as the hiring of assistants can usually be dispensed with in such cases. For a man with but forty acres to attempt the raising of grain for sale. and at the same time keep the necessary horses and cows and sheep required to cultivate the farm, and supply the family, would be an unprofitable undertaking; but on such a farm a dairy may be kept that will be a source of great profit, when compared with the capital invested. $315 00 on some favorite cows of different breeds, the result of which was as follows: "In the height of the season the Qts. milk. Oz. butter. Holderness gave per day, 29 38 19 25 19 25 That there are few, if any cows, of our naMaking the receipts from each cow for tive breeds that will approach this quantity six months $31,50-or if we deduct the but. of milk or butter, most must be willing to ter as being most of it necessary in the dairy admit; indeed, an able writer on cattle in room, it will leave the sum of 30 dollars per the Farmer, thinks hat few dairies, or cows, cow. In some of the best dairy districts of in this country will average more than from New-England, it has been common to dis- 160 to 170 pounds a year. From some exof the cows to drovers after the dairy periments we have made, and the reports of season has closed, but little feeding being some few ordinary dairies for butter, we are generally required to make them good beef. disposed to dissent from this writer, and be. Cows are not as high in the fall as in the lieve that with ordinary care in the selecspring, by about 20 per cent., and if our tion of cows and the management of the farmer determines to sell bis cows in pre-dairy, 200 lbs. may easily be reached. Mr. ference to keeping them over the winter, Curtis, of Marblehead, from common cows they will bring him about 160 dollars. and ordinary pasture, for three years, made This sum must be added to the receipt of butter as follows: the year, making a total of 475 dollars.1828-8 cows, The whole will then stand tons: 1829-7 1830-6 Which last is at the rate of 181 pounds to a cow, and that under unfavorable circumstances to make the most of the milk. We know of cows that produce a pound a day for at least three months in the hight of the season, and that without extra care or feed ; however, that to produce this result, the still, a native cow, to do this, must be good. cows must be in good heart and tolerable For three years past, butter, taking the order on the first of May, and have good whole season, will average 15 cts. per lb., feed for the summer. Cows that" shirked" and calling the amount produced from a through the winter, and pasture on daisies,cow 200 lbs., the balance would stand thus: Butter from 10 cows, 2,000 lbs. $300 00 Skimmed milk $3 per cow, Receipts, $475 00 1272 lbs, butter. 30 00 $330 00 Making a difference of fifteen dollars in favor of butter over cheese making. Where the milk is churned new from the cows, the quantity of butter will of course be greater, but we have never made it in that way, and have no authentic information by which the difference, and of course the profits, can be correctly estimated. To make this matter clear, it may be best Giving to the farmer a clear profit of to make a few estimates, in all cases ge ting as near well established results as possible, eleven dollars upon each of the twenty acres and where any thing must be left to conjec.used for the dairy. It must be remarked, ture, always being careful to err on the safe side of the calculation. A farmer wish. es to commence a dairy with ten good cows, not herd book stock, but good native animals. The price of cows for several years past in the spring of the year has varied johnswort, and thistles, through the sumfrom 18 to 22 dollars-we will call it 20-mer, will not reach the above mark, and the! thus making the cost of his cows 200 dol-owners may think themselves fortunate if lars. For pasturing cows it is generally the "summing up" should not show a balestimated that two acres to each one will be ance the other way. required; and it may be so as pastures are If the dairy is to be devoted to making generally laid down, but where the turf is butter, there will be but little difference in clean and close and the soil in good heart, the result; though if conducted under favowe are confident something less will be suf.rable circumstances, we think making butficient to give them every advantage. The ter rather more profitable than cheese.interest on the twenty acres required, for Many persons, however, connected with six months, the time the dairy will be in the dairy, think otherwise, and the odds at To make Various estimates have been made of the operation, at 30 dollars per acre, will be 21 any rate cannot be very great. dollars. The interest on the money in- butter through the summer, the daily must expense of getting in a crop of wheat or vested in cows, will be 7 dollars. A dairy be so situated and constructed, that a unicorn; but where wheat is put in after a maid, if one is required, for 6 months, at a form proper temperature may be maintain-summer fallow, as is usually the case, the dollar per week, twenty-six dollars. The ed, as it is well known if the temperature is expense of the ploughings, harrowings, expense will stand thus: too low, the cream will be so long in rising seed, interest, and wear of implements and 10 cows, at $20 each, $200 00 as to become bitter; and if too high, as is the land, cannot be estimated at less than Interest on do. 6 months, 7 00 usually the case in the summer, the milkten dollars per acre. Admitting the average Interest on 2 acres to each cow, 21 00 sours before the cream has time to separate, crop of wheat to be twenty bushels per 26 00 Dairy maid 6 months, by which much of the cream is lost, and acre, which must, taking the whole, be conthe butter rendered of an inferior quality.--sidered liberal, and a profit of ten dollars Total expense, $254 80 In making butter, more is depending on the per acre, wheat at one dollar per bushel, If a dairy is a cheese dairy, much will quality and richness of the milk, than in which may be considered the average price, some cows from the will be the result. It would be easy to be depending as to the receipts, on the making cheese, as qualities of the milk produced, and the skill same quantity of milk will give double the make a list of the items of expense and mount of cream that others will; and profit, but there can be no necessity for it shown in making. The quantity of cheese. produced, varies much in different dairies, hence the selection of animals must be here, as every wheat grower can make the and in estimating profits a medium rate made with reference to this very point.-estimate for himself, if he needs to be coumust be selected. Mr. Brown, of Otsego This fact accounts for the discrepanev vinced that the above estimate is not far from shown in the quantity of butter produced in the truth. If the crop to be compared is county, made from thirteen cows 4700 lbs Mr. E ifferent dairies, and the varying estimates one of corn, estimates made with great care of cheese, or 361 lbs. to each cow. Perkins, of Trenton, Oneida county, from 7 onsequently made of the butter each cow by Judge Buel, Clark, and others, show that There are some in ordinary cases the expense of a erop, incows,made 32,000lbs. or 410 lbs. to each cow; vil produce in a season. ows that will make a poun 1 of butter a da: elu ing labor, seed, use of land, &c., is at and in the same communication he states. The profits that the dairies in that cheese makin. For seven or eight months, with good keep-'ea fifiem dollars per a re. V 538 of a corn crop are more variable in our lati- from the severity of our own winters; it|| merits, or dispense with the services of the tude than most others, sometimes running is desirable to know what is now cǝn. very high, and at others being literally sidered the best method of cultivating it in remember they were looked upon with sus nothing; and we believe that if the average other countries; for it is by a careful col.picion, and worked their way into use slow. estimate of profit on an acre of corn is putation of facts, connected with its culture branch of agricultural industry have followcast iron ploughs, now-a-days; yet we well the same as wheat, it is as high as the experience of the farming community will abroad in aid of the actual experiments ed the plough, although perhaps they have ly. Improved implements in almost every justify. to overcome making here, that we may hope shortly not in every instance received or deserved tensive cultivation of that invaluable plant. ever which we have been surprised to find every obstacle to the ex-such complete success. There is one how. Respectfully submitted by in so few hands, as from the experience of ELIJAH VOSE, years we consider it deserving a place on every farm. This implement is the Cultivator, or Horse Hoe. Experience has shown that the troublesome process of hililng most and that all the benefits derived from boeing with, especially such as corn and potatoes, plants may with advantage be dispensed by hand, on clean ground, may be fully realized in the use of the cultivator, and with an expense of time and labor inconsidera. ble. Where it is necessary to use the hoe President of the Mass. Hor. Society. Boston, July 25, 1836. heard of several complaints, chiefly from winters well. If the above calculations are correct-and if they are not we should be happy to have the errors pointed out, by any one practically acquainted with the subject-then the difference in profit per acre between the dairyman and the wheat grower, is not so much in favor of the latter as has been generally supposed. It may however be said, that the practice of disposing of the cows by the dairyman after the season is closed, would in the end be suicidal to the business if generally adopted, and hence as a general rule the cows must be kept over the winter, making it necessary to deduct from the profits the expense of keeping through the winter. This may be admitted, and the result would then be as follows:A cow will eat a ton and a half of hay in the winter, which at the average price of eight dollars a ton, would be twelve dollars for keeping; rather exceeding, if there is any difference, the neat profit on each cow It must be remembered, however, that if the produce of a good cow will pay for herself and her winter's keep-down to the roots. ing the first season, then the dairyman enters the field on the second year with an unencumbered capital; the cows are paid for, and the entire amount of their produce, with the trifling deductions above stated, are to be counted as profit. Let our dairy counties look at this matter carefully-it is the first season. well worth their attention. W. G. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Saturday, July 30, 1836. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society at a meeting held at the Hall of the Institution on Saturday, July 30, 1836. The following Report was made by the President of the Society. ing they are not so severe as yours, often out such few weeds as that could not reach mated if a proper mode of culture be without injury to the plants cultivated, or The late J. Le Candele of Humbeck, upon. It has been since stated to me in a letter G. From Hovey's Gardener's Magazine, for August. THE GARDENER'S MAGAZINE AND REGIS- NO. This number is full of valuable infor from Batavia, (Island of Java,) that this mation, from which we shall make large I have the pleasure to lay before the la and in parts of China, not on account of ginal communications, from various scieninode of culture is much in use near Manil extracts. Society two communications from M. the cold, but in order to keep the Morus intific and practical men. It contains twelve excellent oriEmilien de Wael. This gentleman it will shrubby state, which affords greater facil be recollected was the bearer of let-ity for gathering the leaves in the season ters to the Society from Doct Van Mons when desired. There the mulberry seems Art. 1.-"Gardening Notices suggested and M. A. Poiteau, accompanying a dona- to be planted in fields as Indian corn is here, well-know nurseryman at Sawbridgeworth, by a tour in France, in August and Seption of books, received a short time since. tember, 1835." By T. Rivers, Jr., the Mr. de Wael is an amateur cultivator and prived of their branches, the number of -in the fall of the year the plants are dethe Secretary of the Horticultural So-which is continually increasing, and grow full of interest, being amusingly as well as at which place is one of the finest collecciety of Antwerp; he is now on a tour oing in one season from five to eight-instructively written. tions of roses in England. the United States for scientific purposes, which growth is fully equalled by our own. The article is connected with Entomology and the ex-I would advise a similar experiment in this tracts include the most useful parts of the amination of the marine plants of our State; it might, perhaps, answer well. The following excountry, and I have to congratulate the Society on the addition to its list of corresMost respectfully, your ob't. servant, ponding members of the name of an inEMILIEN DE WAEL. dividual who is not only highly qualified, but who is entirely disposed to subserve its purposes at Antwerp, located as he is, in a country to which Horticulture, so far as promology is concerned, is indebted for more numerous and valuable acquisitions, than to any other Mr. de Wael's remarks on the results Hon. ELIJAH VOSE, President Mass. Hort. Society. From the Genesce Farmer. THE HORSE The indifference manifested by many of our farmers as to the tools they work with, is most surprising. If they are good, or of paper: "Forcing the Rose.--At Lisle, in one of the numerous small nursery gardens, I was interested with what might be called a most eligible mode of forcing the rose. In this instance a small span-roofed house was used. A border on each side of the central path was planted with roses budded on shortest stems being put next the path, so dog-rose stems of different heights; the The surface of these borders was covered as to make their heads form a sloping bank. of various experiments made in Belgium/the improved kind, they seem to consider it with manure, to keep them in a constantly to protect the Mores Multicaulis from the effects of cold must be interesting to those who are endeavoring to protect that plant fashioned, they jog on with them, only hitch-moist state. space. force in December, roses were gathered effect; but I think that, if pots were manu-its name of Cy'tisus Adamii in some catafrom it plentifully for the market in March|factured expressly for the purpose, of large logues. A fine plant was shown me by and April. dimensions, we will say two feet deep, and M. Camuset, which appeared to be half "After the crop of flowers was gathered, one and a half foot in diameter, and plunged Cytisus purpureus, and the remainder purthe lights were taken off in May, and the to the rim, not deeper, a collection of the ple laburnum. On examination, the curi plants exposed till the period for forcing new Flemish pears might be grown in any ous fact was ascertained, that the purple again arrived. This method appeared so small garden. I mention, particularly, that laburnum, which is evidently a hybrid be simple and economical, that I took a me- the rim of the pot ought to be above ground, tween C. purpureus and C. Laburnum, had morandum merely for the purpose of sug-on account of the lateral roots, which would partially returned to the habits of one of its gesting it to your readers; and, for grow. otherwise make their way over it, and give parents, the C. purpureus. This is surely ing moss and other roses for boquets near the luxuriance which it is so necessary to a most unusual occurrence. Here was no London, it might, I think, with some little check in order to get fine fruit. To keep trickery of grafting practised; for I saw modification, be carried extensively and the trees under control in this respect seems nearly a similar fect produced, in Jan. of the profitably into practice. In this way, also, to be the grand object of pear tree culture; present year (1836), on a tree which I had with but very little trouble, a rose garden in and I feel assured that this may be attained sent to the Hon. C. Herbert of Ickleton, full bloom and luxuriance might be created by growing the trees in pots, by keeping the Cambridgeshire, in 1834, which presented as early as the end of February; and, by surface well supplied with manure, and, in precisely the same appearance. At the exselecting some of the ever-blooming varie-summer, by watering with liquid manure. treme end of one of its shoots there came ties, continued nearly through the whole I hope ere long to see as many amateurs of forth a branch of the pure Cy'tisus purpureus, year. And what a delightful sheltered pears as there now are of dahlias and roses; with its small leaves and peculiar habit, appromenade might thus be formed by those and, in all the principal nurseries, specimen pearing as if budded on the purple laburnum. who, regardless of expense, would build an plants of every variety in cultivation, growHave you in your long experience, ever elegant span-roofed house, with movable ing and bearing abundantly in plunged pots. seen any fact approaching to this, viz. of a lights, so as to form an agreeable resort, One precaution must be strictly urged. tree returning from hybridisation to the state not only in early spring, but also at the end Every gardener is aware of the tendency of one of its parents?" of summer and autumn! for in September of the pear tree to make what is called a Among the French gardeners, the pracand October, and even in November, the taproot. This the plants in pots will most tice is adopted of surface manuring the soil, Noisette, China and perpetual roses, re-assuredly do, if not checked, through the and, more particularly, roses: the imporgardless of having been forced, would bloom hole in the bottom. I therefore recom-tance of this system may be seen from the again as luxuriantly as ever." mend that, in November or December an- following observations :-The following is given as the "Mode of nually, a trench be dug by the side of the During this last dry summer, when they Cultivating Pear Trees in Pots, where the pot, which must then be turned on one side, constantly required water, without this, the object is economy of space." and every vestige of a root which may ap- surface of the ground would have been reg"A Frenchman's town garden is often a pear through the hole cut off with a spade. ularly baked and impervious; with it, the model of economy of You will find In the course of a few years a bunch of water poured down did not rapidly evapo. a choice collection of roses, budded on fibrous roots will be formed, that will re-rate, but carried to the fibres a constant short stems; a collection of valuable rho- quire no other trouble than being annually supply of nutriment from the manure, dodendrons, azaleas, and camellias, in pots; disturbed; that is, the pot turned com- What an excellent hint does this give to and, perhaps, thirty or forty varieties of pletely on one side, to prevent their giving planters on poor, stoney, sandy, or chalky pears, all growing in so small a space, that too much luxuriance to the tree, by spread-districts in this country! On such soils all an English gardener, can scarcely believe ing into large feeders." the manure should be put on the surface, what he sees. In the garden of M. Smedt, At Versailles are numerous small nur-and left for the worms and the rain to force a distinguished amateur at Lisle, the pear serymen, who principally grow plants for it in. In the private garden attached to the trees were literally pyramids of fruit. The the flower-markets of Paris. Grapes are Luxembourg Palace, and open to the memsummer foreright shoots were tied in so as ripe there in the open border by Sept. 6. bers of the French Chambers only, are not to shade the pears, and the following Magnolia tripetala was ripening seeds at some of the finest rose trees in the world, winter they were removed. I suspect, also, the same date. Hundreds of yellow Chi-apparently of great age (I regret not ascer. that the roots of the trees were annually na roses, budded on short stems, were cov-taining this more correctly) and in vigorous shortened, to reduce the luxuriant growth ered with flowers. What a splendid sight! health. Many of the stems of the stand which pear trees are so liable to; but this The principal plants grown are Kalmia ard roses in this garden are as thick as a I could not ascertain. The soil was a latifolia, and glauca, azaleas,rhododendrons, stout man's leg. They are not budded on loose black sand, and the trees models of &c.; but it is stated they are not sold so tall stems, their average height being, perproductiveness. Many of their stems, be- cheap as in England. haps, from four to five feet; and they sup ing too weak to support the weight of fruit, In the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, Mac-port themselves without stakes. Though were tied to green painted stakes. Much lura aurentiaca was bearing fruit. The ori- so old and so large, they have regular anof this extraordinary fruitfulness in such ginal plant of 'sculus rubicunda, raised nual culture, their heads being pruned confined limits was owing, no doubt, to a there by Michaux, in 1812, is now a fine every season, and the surface of the ground more genial climate than we have here; as specimen. Two new iron palm-houses constantly manured. In this we have yet the summers and autumns are warmer, and inuch to learn from our neighbors. With the wood is always well ripened: but many us the general mode is to plant a tree, and of the best Flemish pears might be grown leave its after-growth to chance. Of course in our town gardens with quite as much I now allude to amateurs and those gen economy of space as in France, if any retlemen who amuse themselves by being gard were paid to culture. This culture is their own gardeners; and, perhaps, this simply to keep them from growing too fast, hint may induce them to give all their trees by confining or reducing their roots; blossom buds will then be formed in abundance. It seems almost impossible to kill a pear tree for though I hive opened a circular trench round a pear tree, and cut off every root to within fifteen inches from the stem, yet it has not suffered, but, the following season, has been covered with blossom. In some of our rich London gardens, cutting the roots annually would have little or no were [1835] being erected, which, it is sup- The following remarks allude to the pur- and shrubs some little annual notice." We have frequently heard it stated, by many of our amateur gardeners, hat tree roses are of very short duration in our cli nate; that from some causes they suddenly "The purple laburnum, of which so much led off before the cultivator was even has been said lately, was growing here in aware they were in an unhealthy state. great perfection. It came accidentally from These causes have been by some attribu seed among some common laburnums, inted to the effect of climate-by others to 1828, in the nursery of M. Adam, whence heir cultivation--and by many to improper |