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The following is only one of many cases we heard, of farmers purchasing seeds when the venders know nothing about what they were selling.

SEED.

public and private, are so much for the provement, when capital and enterprize,

ent that the seeds were not purchased at northern termination. In this age of im-
the Agricultural Ware House of Mr. Har-
low. But unless some satisfactory expla-
nation shall be given, we shall caution our
readers against purehasing seed at the country, we rejoice that OLD MONTGOME
establishment where these were obtained.-RY is in a fair way to participate largely of
Bangor Farmer.
the benefits of contemplated as wel! as
existing works.

We have heard that for a year or two past, some of our farming friends have been horridly imposed upon in their seed. Cabbage and English Turnip seed having CANAJOHARIE AND CATSKILL RAILbeen sold them for Ruta Baga. One of our ROAD.-We understand that there is a de- The "Medina & Darien Rail Road," friends will this year lose from two to three termination to crowd this important work says the Herald is completed as far as hundred dollars in his crop, as he intended to a speedy completion. This road aside Akron, Erie County, a distance of 16 to have three acres of Ruta Baga, but they from its general advantage, will be of es-miles, and several cars running on it. The have proved to be English Turnips! Men sential benefit to the section of country road will shortly be completed to Richville, who deal in seeds should be held responsi-through which passes, and when finished Genesee County, in all twenty miles, seeds of Tom, Dick and Harry and then must add greatly to the prosperity of our where it intersects the Batavia and Buffalo sell them as genuine. We only say at pres. neighboring village of Canajoharie-its road.

ble, especially when they purchase

AGRICULTURE, &c.

From the Southern Agriculturist.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

fimperfectly, to have commenced our agri-blind Cyclops, imperfectly and uselessly, cultural history; though it may be some- until Art, a gift from Heaven, which should what mortifying to us to discover that we be protected, if not worshipped by man, have not greatly improved upon the cur- comes to his aid, and directs his efforts,

In one of our past numbers of this jour-rent plans of that period, in planting, even and makes him equally important to agrinal, we intimated our intention of preparing to this very day. Nature has continued culture, to mechanics, and to commerce.a series of essays on the subject of Agrito be abundant, and we have been content Through him they all triumph, without cultural Education. Though long de- to receive her gifts, very much as the sav-him not one of them could succeed. layed, the pledge has not escaped our memage did then, without requiting her for them. ory, and we have been anxious, on more She has spared us one necessity in disarm and directed his industry? This is the We have labour-has art duly prompted than one occasion before, to undertake and ing or providing for all the rest—that of ta- question. Surely, these are truths-undefulfil it. Our journal, however, has been king care of ourselves. well occupied with other matter, and whatever may have been our desire upon this point, we have not had, until now, the necessary opportunity for the execution of our task. The time has come, however, when we may make our promise good, and we proceed accordingly to a consideration of the subject, under the four following heads :1. The present and defective character of Agricultural Education in South Caro

lina.

2. The causes to which its defects are attributable.

3. The probable remedies for such defects, and

4. By whom such defects are remediable. Our views on these topics must necessarily be discursive. They present too large a surface for very ready and effective concentration, and if we glimpse at them only, as they severally come up before our minds, it is quite as much as in reason, we may be expected to do.

South Carolina, from its first settlement as a French, and subsequently, as an English province, has been essentially and almost entirely agricultural. The laws of nature imperatively made her so. The spontaneous and liberal productions of the soil, designated to the most ignorant mind the purposes for which she seemed to have been intended; and the Indian, when our ancesters first discovered the banks of May River and Port Royal, was accustomed to plant his two grains of maize in one spot, precisely as our planters do at the moment.*

present Her resources, from the first, seemed to be entirely those of agriculture and the chase. In all the usual objects of Spanish and French adventure, she seemed utterly wanting. Gold and silver seldom rewarded the greedy European who sought it on her borders; and the only gifts of the savages to their strange visiters, were their baskets of grain, and the free bounty of fruits and flowers. Laudonniere, the French explorer, was not unmindful of these things. Instead of doing as the Spanish would have done, and as they were in the constant habit of doing with the Indians, marching upon and burning their towns, and murdering the simple people for their scorched pearls and flattened breastplates of gold, he planted his little colony along side of them, and set his men to labour in like pursuit. He may be said, however

* See Laudonniere's Voyages.

a

The narrative is quite an interesting one which describes the mutiny of his men, who desired to explore the neighboring places for gold, preferring piracy and robbery to the wholesome cultivation of the fields. They stole his boats and made away with them, but

well satisfied with what she has given us, to have laboured at improvement. We have left undone a thousand things which should have been done, and we need not wonder, if there should come a tine, when the wholesome truth comes home to us, and the stern rebuke of heaven places our present diminution of the goods of fortune to our own account; charging us with a neglect of our proper duties of self-instruc tion and self-devotion to our own and the general interest of the country. Look back at our agricultural history and enter prise, and how gross are its defects. What have we learnt?-What do we know?— Where are we now? Are we a solitary year in advance of the first sett.ers in the matter of Agricultural Education. We fear not. What are our improvements; and what is the estimate which we are accus tomed even now to put upon agricultural knowledge?

niable truths-which we have been utterSuch have been her gifts, and such al- ing. Have our people learned them-do ways has been the prolific abundance of they believe them-have they adopted, and our soil and State. Our prosperity has do they toil in obedience to the precepts been derived entirely from our agriculture, which they teach? How far has South imperfect as it has ever been; and without Carolina recognized, and how closely has any visible improvement in our arts of she practised upon them? Let us ask the management, labour, or experiment, we question. Let us look into the truth. have presented, through the agency of a productive soil and atmosphere, the appear made no such inquiries-we have been too It is humiliating to know that we have ance of a people which has always contin- regardless of these truths. Not sufficientued to improve. All our interests, whether ly content with the bounty of providence they affect our gain, our society, our poli- to forbear complaint, we have yet been too tics, local or foreign, take their complexion from our agricultural pursuits, and are prompted by them. All professions in our country are moved by those of the planter. In his success, they succeed-in his losses, they suffer. In his fate, the fortunes of merchant and mechanic, lawyer and doc tor, freeman and slave, have their governing principle, and his importance is to be estimated by their dependence upon him, not less than by his own individual character and influence in the community. His successes determining, in great measure, theirs, does it not follow that in proportion as he is weak or enlightened, they will falter or succeed. In proportion as he is intelligent and industrious, will be their hopes of fortune, and their capacity for en er prise. In proportion as he is skilful and reflective, will be their skill, their reflection, their readiness for adventure, their elevation of pursuit and character-their virtue and their patriotism. The inti- merest matter of common place industry Is it not regarded as the mate connexion and close dependance of and effort, which calls for an overseer, not a happily comprised by Lord Bacon in a sim- needs no art to prune, no precaution to proall pursuits upon those of agriculture, are guide a spy rather than a teacher; which ple and brief sentence, in which he sums vide against the vicissitudes of the season, up the whole history of national prosperi- no reflection to devise new improvements, ty: There are three things," says he, or convert into proper channels, the well comm dity as it is yielded by nature, the mate commonly put upon agriculture-the "which one nation selleth to another-the known and the old? Is not such the esti manufacture, and the vecture or carriage; very first of the arts-mingling the neces so," says he, "if the three wheels will flow in as a spring tide." He places grateful, the grateful with the elegant, the go, wealth sary with the useful, the useful with the the three things in their proper order.- elegant with all others? There are very The planter first, the manufacturer next, few persons who consider it a profession, the shipper third; and the sentence might requiring any intellectual exercise whatev very well be stuck over the door of every er, and, compared with its sister arts, we cotton and counting house in the country.* But there is yet a greater than planter, very highest in importance, it is yet the may venture to affirm, that, although the manufacturer and shipper, whom Bacon very lowest in point of rank. True, we has not classified with the rest. be set before them all. He is Labour-a citizen-who has wealth and the influHe must honor the planter as one who is a good huge, heavy-handed giant, striking like a ence which wealth produces-who is frank in his intercourse with men-who is hos

* The words of Bacon have been rhymed as fol- pitable to the stranger, and who gives to

lows:

"Let the earth have cultivation,
Let its products have creation,
Bid the seas give circulation,
And you build the mighty nation."
And yet, unless you give the people education,
with their own working implements.

our society a character and temper, which we would not willingly see exchanged for any other. But there is little more. When we have said this, and said in addition—he

were punished in the end. The ringleaders were they would be knocking out one another's brains cultivates so many acres, owns so many

caught afterwards, and hung by him.

slaves, hunts as fearlessly as Nimrod,

ques

our Agricultural Education--if that can be styled education which fits our people for any thing but what they are to become, and any pursuit but the one which most directly lies before them.

Let us take an example. There is a planter whose resources are such as will enable him to give his children, what is is styled, by a frank republican courtesy, a liberal education. The boy, as soon as he is old enough, is bundled off to school.---The neighboring city receives him, and from the hands of indulgent but watchful parents, he is transferred to the always uncertain care, and the doubtful management

drinks of the best wines that the Cham- The exertion must come from the planpagnes of France produce, as deeply aster and the planter only. The movement Mynheer Van Dunk, and with as perfect of other craftsmen will never move him. -impunity that he entertains his friends He must move himself. With us, he is with a grace that even gives a charm to the man who gives the tone to public senhis entertainment-lives up to his income, timent. Why? He is the great proprietor What is the education of our young yet keeps out of debt; travels like a prince, known to the country. The capital of our planter-or rather, what is the education and never challenges the bill-when State exists in the soil, and the serfs who of him who is to become a planter? Is it We have said all this, we have said work it. They are his. He wields that ever adapted to the end in view--is it ever all. His virtues and vices, his toils and capital, and that capital makes our feel-calculated for his pursuit ? Is it not radihis pleasures are, alike, set down, and the ings, our opinions, our character. To plant cally defective, as it lacks all connexion Agricultural Society may foot them up is to engage in the highest craft known to with the pursuits of his future life, and as at pleasure: To him it matters not much our people. It is the object of ambition it is rather apt to lead his thoughts away what is the precise character of the soil with all. It would not be so if the influ-from a consideraiton of it into far and foreign which he cultivates-he asks not the his- ence of the planter were an iota less in bu- channels. tory, he observes not the constitution of the siness and society. plant from which comes all his revenue.- How does he employ this influence?|| It is not his concern upon what principle Let him ask himself the question. Could of mechanics his workmen, his horses, he make it greater--could he employ it in mules and oxen, apply their labor; nor making a better population among our in does he deem it his part to know by what ferior classes, and what should be the aim particular tenure he holds his lands-or of the moral man in his direction of the vast upon what great principle, his rights, as a moral power which he certainly may citizen, are maintained. He is too apt to wield over our society, and through it over avoid all trouble and concern on these to- our institutions? There are other pics. Public opinion expects from him notions which it may serve him beneficially of strangers. He goes to be schooledknowledge on any of them, and he may honestly to analyze, and justly to resolve not with reference to his pursuit as a future live in total ignorance of the whole history upon. Why is his influence less now, agriculturist, but simply with reference to of his own country, past and present, yet, than what, under a proper direction of his his importance as the son of a wealthy in no wise offend the judgment of those who energies and thoughts, it might become? planter. The distinction is wonderful bemove around him. Let him but pay his The evil and the error is with him. Hetween the education which a poor and a taxes, he may vote-let him but speak civ- has himself to blame--none other. The rich boy receives in the world, at school and illy, he is a good citizen-let him but show man who places a low estimate upon his out of it, when the difference of their condi a whholesome warmth on the subject of own pursuits, cannot surely complain that tion is known to those about them. It is his public relations, he is quite as pure a others receive him at his own valuation. frequently ruinous to the one--it is often a patriot as any in the republic. He has suffered the mechanic to regard his blessing to the other; but the vanity of a Nor, in public and national respects craft with more respect, and to direct more parent would be apt to insist that his son only, may he live in utter ignorance, and of heart and mind to the promotion of it, should be treated with a reference to his live without offending popular opinion.-- until he learns to love the toil which gives own importance, and this vanity blinds him Contract the sphere of your observation, him strength and power. You may see usually to the true interests of the boy.and see him at home. He may be totally the mechanic with his badges of plane or The son, himself, very soon learns to exact uninformed of those matter which more hammer upon his apron-you will never rigorously the defference commanded by his immediately pertain to his own plantation see the plough drawn upon the panel of father's income; and under circumstances and its government-sometimes, indeed, planter's coach. He boasts of his negroes such as these, his education,-that course he may be even found to despise them, as and his hands. Does he take up the hoe of preparation which is to bring his native unbecoming in him to notice, or unworthy and plant himself--does he regard them, mind into activity, inform it with all necesof his esteem. And this course of conduct, as such old and long tried friends might sary and existing knowledge, and counsel though in such exceeding bad taste, would well be regarded, with respectful venera-it for the labor which in future life it is to call for no rebuke from the general feeling, tion? We fear not. He will avoid the take, and the patterns and purposes which and would, indeed, rather accord with, than subject, and is sometimes apt to disparage his pursuits will require him to adoptrevolt, the public opinion. We are some-it. He has not availed himself of that under these circumstances, which prompt how strangely given to regard all labours beneficial and blessing Providence, which self-conceit, stubbornness, and a total want which employ time, and compel exertion, has given him a mind able to direct the sin of all method-his education is begun.* as inconsistent with a proper gentility.ews of labour--he has suffered it to lie He goes to the city, and, in most cases, is Noble blood will not trade in merchandize waste and fallow, until, through neglect, it suffered to choose his own lodging house, -can it be expected that noble blood will has grown as bald and barren as the soil his guardian, and his associates. His sow and reap, and devise modes and means which he has impoverished by the opposite caprices take the place of the experience by which the arts of sowing and reaping extreme of too much use. Had he used of others, and his first lessons of obedience shall be strengthened and improved? There the soil less, and the mind more, and used are fully begun by his having his own way must be a revolution in our thoughts, in our both of them differently, they had, both at the beginning. He attends a regular, habits of thinking, before we can hope for of them, been more valuable at this mo- or, not unfrequently, an irregular teacher, improvement. Our planter, himself, must ment. It is truly melancholly to think that and is himself a most irregular pupil.-make a change-he must not wait for the these are truths which we are writing I He goes through his recitations or not, spirit of enlightenment-he must go forth is sad that the planter--he who owns and as his parent does not often examine, and seek it. Public opinion must keep three-fourths of the State's wealth, and all he is not often dissatisfied with the reports pace, and go with him in such a pursuit, of its political power-who pays more than for, whatever may be the achievements of one-half of its revenue--should be at the the individual, he will inevitably fall back same time of so little real public imporinto old lethargies, unless stimulated by the tance. Why will he not consider these belief that the world around goes with him things. Why permit the subject to remain -that all are stirring in the same fields, uninvestigated. Why not provide a noble and that if he does not push forward in- answer, in a new design of a proper and flexibly, fearlessly, thoughtfully, he will be masculine exertion? left behind in the grand march of enterprize, alone-stagnating and stiffening-where he stands.

a

of son and tutor. The teacher does not
often inquire what shall be the pursuit and
profession of the youth. Indeed, he is not
often permitted to do so. Nothing can be
more arbitrary or so little adapted to the
wants or capacity of the boy, as the course
of instruction which he put upon. He is
required to conjugate Greek and Latin
verbs, and a passing glimpse at Greek roots,

We shall now seek to show that this
degrading condition of things has arisen
necessarily from the defective character of of the Laconian inethods of education.

Refer to Gillie's Greece for an excellent summary

But when a man's feelings are once deeply engaged in the pursuit of any calling, he is then prepared to listen to the relation of facts and reasonings on the subject; and what would be insufferably tedious to unin terested feelings, is delightful and pleasant to his more ardent ones.

is all that is ever taught of roots at all to|| It was the very last subject, indeed, which || truths scme men who have excelled in the future agriculturist. He manages, by he was likely to hear of at school. If his knowledge in the arts and sciences, have dint of driving, drilling, and possibly occa- own mind from previous bias and associa- labored almost in vain. Neither their oral sional dressing, (all of these italicized tion, exhibited any tendancy towards the or written addresses contain what, in a menwords to be used in the technical, school, subject, he would in all probability find tal point of view, is well represented by the and not in a plantation, sense) to make his himself discouraged from any investigation electric fluid in the world of matter-a liv way after a lapse of years into and through of its principles, and among his city mates, ing energy-a vitality of thought and feelthe easier authors of antiquity. Without his chance would be great, if he showed ing, which sets all the elements of the mind appreciating any of their beauties, and in any large disposition that way, of being in motion. But to apply this subject to half the number of cases without compre- laughed at, for what they would be apt to agricultural papers and writers, let no one hending their meaning, he proposes to be, call his inflexible rusticity. When he suppose me to mean, that it is necessary and is, by the courtesy of Professors, ready assumes the robes of manhood and begins every correspondent of the Maine Farmer for admission into college. College! That to look about him-confident as he has should be possessed of this exquisite feelmysterious institution which is to convert been before about the universality of his ing-this fire of the soul-this flow of pathe block into the classcal shapes of ancient genius he now begins to have misgivings. thos and sensibility. This is not necessary. models, and imbue the tough and insensate He is a planter and he is called upon to People love variety. The appetite of the clay with the creative fires of Prometheus. apply his education to his business. What greatest epicure is palled by his seasoned By this time his moral faculties have all a discovery is that which shows him, not dishes. The fact is, people love variety, become admirably fitted for his admission merely the utterly unprofitable character and variety they will have. And one thing into walls so sacred. He is free to licen- of his education hitherto, but shows him we must remember-Man is a bad animal tiousness. Rudeness is manliness-obtru- that he is to begin anew-that now, for the to drive. I frequently think of what a very siveness, proper spirit, and violence the only first time, he is really to commence his respectable Quaker once said to me, "Jogenuine show of high mindedness and a schooling. What connection had his col- seph, don't thee know hogs are the most like glorious southern fervour. With no paren- lege education with agriculture--how did other folks of any animals in the world. tal eye to watch over, to guard his educa- it expound its laws-how, explain its prin- Gratify their appetites and they will follow tion-his morals and his manners are alike ciples--how, illustrate its practices and almost any where." the creatures of his sudden and forward unfold its history? He is now to commence impulses. He has no masters but these with the elements of his education, when last he has no motive but the indulgence he is engaged in the more serious business of his long unbridled passions. From col- of his life. Its doubts and difficulties are lege, if not expelled for turbulence and bru- all before him, yet he is now to prepare tality, he passes on to graduation. His himself for that field of enterprize, in which education is complete, and he may now the self taught adventurer is already reapchoose from all the professions which sur-ing wealth, and establishing character. round and invite him. Nobody can doubt But we must give way to other matter, that he will succeed admirably as a Divine, and leave our disquisition over to another a Doctor, or a Lawyer-fewer still are there who will venture to deny that he will make a first rate Agriculturist. He, himself, has no doubt upon the subject. He 66 A DISH OF SCRAPS, ODDS AND ENDS." can chop logic with his master, discuss all manner of subjects, quote an occasional MR. HOLMES:-Brother Carolus thinks passage in the Greek and Latin, blun- we must "convince" farmers "that the der over Euclid, and moderately fracture course pursued by our fathers and grandthe head of Priscian. He is prepared for fathers in relation to husbandry, is not the life and all its purposes. He is ready to best course"-and he then enumerates encounter its vicissitudes-his ambition, number of particulars, of the truth of which which is boundless, gives him daring it is necessary to convince them of. That enough to engage in any vocation, and he is true, brother Carolus-but how shall we begins the world, perfectly well educated go to work? You say, and say truly, "it after the fashion of the time, and destined would seem that many believe the exercise to add another to the long generations of the mental and physical powers have no before him, which have lived and died, and connection in the business of husbandry, left no sign at their departure. He can do that our fathers and grand fathers thought nothing for the craft which he adopts-it all that was necessary for mankind to think must degenerate in his hands. He cannot on the subject, and that nothing remains for raise his caste--he may impair and possius but to work, work, work, without even bly degrade it. His country derives no thinking we have the power to think." good from his patriotism--an education like his makes an egotist only. Society suffers in his connection, for he subjects it to his caprices.

The cause of this is obvious enough, if we would but see. His education, faulty in all respects, is entirely and doubly so, as it Las had no manner of reference to his possible pursuit in life. From the beginning he has been toiling in the dark. Through the whole course of his tuition, though his tutor has probably never forgotten that he was the son of a planter, he has probably never kep: the fact in mind that the boy was to become a planter also. Agricul ture, its condition, its elements, its instruinents, its uses, and connexion with all other topics, has never been insisted upon

day.

From the Maine Farmer.

a

of

And these views afford a lesson to all the correspondents of the Farmer. Do not think because you cannot write with that fire of thought and feeling which almost makes the ink smoke as it flows from the pen, that your communications are devoid of interest. I do not recollect a single communication in the Farmer, relating to the theory and practice agriculture, which has been uninteresting to me, and which I have not read more than twenty times over. And to those who have the talent of pleasing, either by a polished, or the happy application of a more common every day style, it calls upon you, in the most emphatical manner, to awake from slumbers. Oh, Ichabod, awake!

your

RAISING PORK.

Carolus says, we "must convince farmers that three good cows are better than half a dozen poor ones; and so of all oth er stock." I once was acquainted with a fact, which illustrates the truth of this sentiment. In the town of Fairhaven and State' Now, if I understand the subject aright,|| of Massachusetts, something like twenty so far as writing and reading are concerned, years ago, there lived an old gentleman, a it is in vain for us to think of getting peo- neighbor of mine, who was remarkable for ple to think closely on any subject, unless raising good pork. One year in particular I we can get their attention closely fixed upon remember he bought two pigs in the spring it. We must interest their feelings. How is (for I never knew him to winter any swine) this to be done? I answer, by addressing and killed them the same autumn or beginthem in such a way as to touch the master ning of winter. I cannot tell exactly their springs of human actions. These, though age when killed, but my reccollection is there is a general likeness in human nature,|| very clear, that they were not much over are infinitely diversified. One person likes ten mouths if any. One of them weighed a short pithy story; and indeed, in this particular there is much uniformity-another is pleased with the solution of some obscure problem, or a long chain of reasoning and argumentation on some favorite topic-another has a relish for poetry, music or painting, &c. For want of attending to these

three hundred and eighty pounds or something over, and the other fell short a few pounds, say five or six, of the weight of his mate. These were barrows. Some two or three years after, his son after his decease, killed a sow, about the same age, that weighed 320 lbs. She was a small

boned hog, but I thought quite as fat asmode more particularly enables the own-barrel, in size proportioned to the extent of those killed by the old gentleman. er of the dairy to separate the good milk the dairy, open at one end, with a lid exactI can say but little how they managed from the bad. Without such attention they fitted to close it. Close to the bottom, with their swine, but can state one fact whole of his dairy products may be great. should be placed a cock, for drawing off which, perhaps may enlighten the reader as y depreciated by the milk of one bad from time to time, any thin serous part of much as the whole story, could he hear it. cow. The quantity of butter must de-the milk, that may have generated, which, I saw the son one day feed his, and as he pend on the quality of the milk, as well if allowed to remain, acts on the cream, then had leisure he gave his sow a little at as the management of it; it is therefore and greatly diminishes the richness in the a time, as long as she would eat, and left a important to separate the inferior quality quality of the butter. The inside of the little, which he scraped out clean and put of milk in the first instance, as it se.opening should be covered with a bit of back in his pail. The food at that time cures the best quality of butter and the close fine wire, to keep the cream back was a very nice pudding made of boiled po-inferior may be converted into the use while the serous is allowed to pass; the tatoes, mashed and minced with meal. My that is found most profitable. There is top of the barrel should be inclined a little inference from this fact is, it was his prin- not only a difference of milk in different forward. ciple to cook the food, and then give them cows, but a differance in the same cow.as much as they would eat and no more. For a more perfect view of this subject, the reader is referred to the Maine Farmı

The old gentleman sold one half of one of his hogs for 12 1-2 cents a pound with-er for 1st July. out salting. Assuming this price as the value of each pork in that market, at that time, and allowing his two hogs or pigs to weigh 750, the two were worth when killed $93 37 1-2. Now had these two swine weighed only 200 each at the age these were killed, they must have been good meat, but we could not allow them to have been worth at that time, in that market, more than ten cents a pound. This would only have made them worth $40, and the excess gained by extra care in feeding, &c. $53 37 1-2.

-

ON THE TIME OF KEEPING CREAM BEFORE CHURNING.-Epping butter is in high repute for its superior quality, and "the cream is seldom kept above 3, or at The following is the opinion of Dr. the furthest 4 days, but always till there is Anderson, a contributor to the Bath Pa-a certain degree of acidity in the cream either pers on agriculture. "The writer is sa-natural or artificial, as without it they tisfied from experience and attentive ob- cannot ensure a good churning of butter; servation, that if in general, about the some keep a little old cream for this use, first drawn half of the milk is separated, otherwise a little rennet :"at each milking, and the remainder only set for producing cream, and if that milk character for making butter of a superior In Suffolk in a large dairy, with a high is allowed to stand to throwing, the whole quality and where the butter was to be of its cream, even till it begins sensibly to sent directly to market, the cream was taste sourish, and if that cream is after-churned the second or third day, but when wards carefully managed, the butter thus it was to be salted, it was kept a day or obtained will be of a quality greatly sutwo longer, or till it had acquired a certain perior to what can be usually obtained at degree of acidity. The reason assigned market, and its quantity not considerably was, "that butter from the freshest cream less, than if the whole of the milk had was better and pleasanter to the taste, but been treated alike. This therefore is the that which was kept longer would take the The first and very important measure is practice that is thought most likely to salt better." to provide a sufficiently large and con- suit the frugal farmer, as his butter, though venient dairy house, whether the object of a superior quality, could be afforded at be butter or cheese. It should be propor- a price that would always insure it a rapid tioned to the number of cows, and be suf sale." ficient for performing all the necessary embarrassment.operations without

From the Maine Farmer.
DAIRYING.

THE DEGREE

manner.

OF HEAT PROPER TO

"Much attention must be paid to cleanli-RAISE THE MOST CREAM. The precise
ness in every thing that relates to it, such heat has not been fixed by experiment,
as the shelves, floors, and different imple- but "from the trials that have been made
ments which are made use of, by daily on this subject, it is believed, that when
scalding, scrubbing, rinsing, and drying, the heat, is from 50 to 55 degrees in Fah
in order to prevent any sort of acidity renheit's Thermometer, the separation of
taking place; for without due regard in cream from milk proceeds with the great
these respects, it is impossible that the est regularity, and in the most favorable
produce can be of superior quality, or
When the heat exceeds 60
such as will keep sweet and good for any the operation becomes difficult and dan.
length of time. Cleanliness is the least gerous; and when it falls below 40° the
indispensable part of good management." operation can scarcely be carried for.
"A Farmer may have the most valuable ward with any degree of economy or pro-
breed of cows, and they be fed on the priety."
richest pastures, but unless cleanliness
prevail in the dairy, his butter or cheese
will never stand high in general estima.
tion."

This building should be placed over a cool spring, and trees planted round it for

shade.

ON THE PROPER TIME FOR SKIMMING

MILK.It is the opinion of some of the
English writers, "that for very fine butter
the milk ought not to stand more than 6
or 8 hours; for ordinary good butter 12

England, and experience and observation From the result of the experience in in this country, it is well ascertained, that acidity in the cream is absolutely necessary before butter can be produced. It is for this reason that it is difficult to produce good butter in winter. Heating the cream with warm water is a common practice, and it is a long while before the butter is produced, and is usually white, hard, and bitter, with very little taste.

The writer has in times

But

past mixed, in winter and spring, used a
small quantity of vinegar which has never
failed to produce of a good effect.
the Epping practice of using rennet is re-
commended. If acidity in the cream is
necessary, and this is acquired by standing,
the following course is suggested to prevent
the churning of new and old cream at the
same time.

If the dairy is large and cream is churned' three times in the week four vessels to hold cream should be provided and two day's cream put into one, say Monday's and Tuesday's, and churned after the acidity has taken place, and the amount of the An extract from Dr. Anderson will close acidity must be regulated by experience.this head. "The separation of butter from

hours or more." Where there are no springs, the house should be built near the dwelling house, and an ice house close to it. Ail the utensils connected with the dairy, must be kept perfectly clean. The milk the cream is left, the quantity of the but. cream, only takes place after the cream has

SKIMMING. This requires a dexterity
it must be well done, for if any part of
that can be acquired only by practice, but

ter will be diminished, and if part of the
milk is taken, the quality will be the

worse for it.

pans may be of any convenient width,
but not to exceed four inches in depth.
"The milk should be strained into the
pans as soon as possible after it is taken
from the cow, and with as little agitation
THE MODE OF KEEPING CREAM.
as possible, and where the dairy is large When the cream is separated from the milk,
a pail full, as soon as milked, should be it ought to be put immediately into a vessel
strained into the pans.
Great loss is sus-by itself. No vessel can be better adapted
tained by agitation and cooling, and this for this purpose than a neat made wooden

is agitated before the acidity has begun to attained a certain degree of acidity. If it take place, no butter can be obtained, and the agitation must be continued until the sourness is produced, after which the butter begins to form. In summer, while the weather is warm, the beating may be continued until the acidity is produced, so that butter may be got; but in this case the

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