The effect of this small lift may have as to loss of time in the tran it of trade, and also the effect of narrowing (as we are compelled to do) such parts of a canal as are deficient in water, come properly under the head of the capacity of such Canals, when compared with other Canals of larger expanse. month making such surveys as might serve Other routes than across the ridge may and Ohio Canal, when called to do so by a to form a correct opinion upon the ques- have been suggested for a cross-cut Ca scarcity of water-to continue the compar tions submitted to them for investigation. nal, exclusively within the limits of Mary-ison, it is like increasing the grades on a The attention of the undersigned was land. first directed to the supply of water for the railroad by which the useful power of a It has been thought for instance that the horse, or of a locomotive engine, is diminsummit level on "Parr Spring Ridge" waters of the Potomac might be brought ished, or the capacity of the road lessened. and a personal examination have satisfied down on a high level from the mouth of In calculating the quantity of water rethem that the natural flow of the streams Monocacy, up the Seneca valley, thence quired, the lift of the locks on those portions which have their rise in the Ridge, was en-nearly parallel to Parr's Ridge, along its of the line dependant for their supply on the tirely inadequate to the wants of a canal of south western base and around its termina-snmmit have been put at 44 feet only.even the minimum dimensions prescribed tion at Vansville, by a route that would for the cross-cut canal, and that therefore avoid a summit and admit a continuous deit would be neceseary to collect into reser-scent to Baltimore. It has also been sugvoirs the surplus waters of the winter and gested in like manner to take the Potomac of the wet season, in order to meet the de-water from the Greet Falls, from the Little ficiencies of the summer and dry season. Falls, or perhaps from some point higher up, To ascertain whether in this way by re-and to pass along exclusively within the servoirs "a due supply of water," for a sum-limits of Maryland, without a summit. mit could be had, we directed lines of level All and of survey to be traced out, embracing all the areas of country which drain from a level higher than, or may be made available to, the several summits respectively. For the commencement of our operations we selected a route as favorable as any, if not the most favorable of all—the one connecting the head waters of the Linganore with those of the western branch of the Patapsco, with the lower summit proposed by Brigg's in 1823. these plans we pronounce utterly impracti- A plan has been suggested for crossing number of locks full of water that will bo The probable amount of tonnage, or the taken daily from the submit is another very important element in estimating the requisite quantity of water. gation of the U. S.-To the Erie Canal Looking to the history of the inland naviwith its 40 feet width and 4 feet depth, now in progress of enlargement to 70 feet gle locks, now in part with double locks, width and 7 feet depth-originally with sinThe extent of drainage into the lower which will soon be the case along its whole summit of the Linganore route from actual line; considering that this enlargement has survey, conducted as above, is less than a the conclusion that the most Northern years after its completion; and when we Our examinations have brought us to been called for by the public in less than 12 surface of 20 square miles-an extent of practicable route from the Chesapeake look further at the great increase of the country barely more than one-third of what and Ohio canal to Baltimore; and in fact Western Trade, and its still greater anticiwe need, even if it would treasure up all the most judicious line, for such an ex-pated advancement, we do not feel justified the water of the winter and of the wet sea-tension of the Canal, is on or near the lo.in [taking as] the basis of our calculations cation traced by Dr Howard, in 1827, less than a double sett of locks in constant The result of this minute and accurate through the District of Columbia,—and as use. survey is so decisive that in addition to a far as we are enabled to form an opinion, personal and careful examination of the the estimate of cost submitted by Dr. country that can be commanded by a sum-Howard, on his plan was substantially cor. mit at any other point along Parr Spring rect. son. 3,800,000 cubic feet will be daily required With these elements of calculation, for a due supply of water. In reference to the extent of country which will furnish this quantity of water we have already stated that the entire drainage of all the surface which can be commanded on any one of the summits is insufficient, and now add that it will furnish but little more than one third of the water we deem necessary. In an Ridge, (having reference to the field notes We have spoken of the "due supply of of Brigg's survey of 1823, which may be water." We will now show what we fully relied on so far as accuracy of level-consider to be that supply. Its amoun ling is concerned,) we feel called upon to depends on the leakage of the summit express at once fully and decidely our opin-level and that portion dependent on it fo: ions and acdordingly we do so-a "due its supply on the leakage of the lock supply of water" cannot be had on any line gates-on the length, breadth and lift of of Canal crossing" Parr Spring Ridge." the locks, and to some extent on the trunk This opinion is sustained in the strong of the Canal, and lastly on the amount of Commissioners appointed by the executive It may perhaps be said that in 1823 the est manner by the experience of the Union tonnage which it is calculated to aecom- of Maryland to survey the same ground procanal of Pennsylvania, on whose works itmodate. In estimating the leakage of nounced on the practicability of the route has been necessary to resort to artificial the Canal and lock gate, the minimum of the Linganore across to the head waters means to collect a sufficiency of water for amount on a well constructed canal has of the Patapso, and that they speak with the summit. A reference to the Union ca- been assumed or ascertained from ac. confidence of the supply of water. nal, is unhesitatingly made, inasmuch as the tual observations on canals in our neigh-swer to this we may reply that about the Engineer on the part of the State has lately borhood. visited that work with the view of obtainsame time these surveys were made, the As it regards the dimensions of the locks Union Canal was planned and commenced ing such information as might have a bear-in length and breadth, and of the depth of || with reservoirs, then considered ample to ing on the subject under discussion-and the trunk of the Canal, the same dimen. we report that calculations of the supply of sons have been taken as those adopted on daily 100 boats. This canal has been finupply the summit with water and to pass water furnished by a given extent of coun- the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, of whichished and is now in use, with only 25 boats try, which can be made available through this should be considered as an extension. passing daily—with locks 75 feet long, 8 the natural flow of streams and the aid If otherwise-If the locks should be made feet width, and 4 feet lift, their reservoirs of reservoirs based upon the experience of shorter or narrower, or the trunk shallower, for the three summer months furnish less the Union canal, sustain fully and unques-it would be as preposterous as to place ar than 1-10 of the water required. tionably the opinion we have already ex-extension of a railroad with rails closer greater part of the remaining 9-10 being pressed of the utter insufficiency of water together or wider apart, so that the cars forced up, with pumps, 96 feet into a feeder to feed a canal of the assumed dimensions of the one could not pass on the other. 3 miles long; a small portion acting as a and capacity of the Chesapeake and Ohio regulator on the summit, is pumped up 32 canal passing through Parr Spring Ridge, feet. The undersigned believe that with at any point within the limits of the State of scarcely an exception, in Great Britain, disMaryland. appointment has followed where reservoirs In regard to the width of the trunk and lift of the locks, the undersigned have considered themselves at liberty to vary from the similar dimension on the Chesapeake The They hope in a short time to submit the details of their field operations to be placed on record, to be referred to at any time hereafter, by those who may chose to examine minutely into the data on which their opinions are based. have been relieved on to collect and retain ments, as well as the piers and butments of furnishing a supply of books to prove the a sufficiency of water for active trade. We bridges, were made with marble or cut impolicy of this American protection, while will add one other remark before dismissing stone as a casing, and the inside was filled the practical comment of this free trade this subject. It appears from an inspec-up with fragments of stone, round paving learning is felt by travellers in crossing the tion of the Report of the U. S. Engineer, stone or broken brick, filled in with com- boundaries of the governments and petty in 1826, on the the Chespeake and Ohio mon mortar, or, as I believe masons call principalities, by repeated searches of their Canal, that more than five times the extent it, grout. The casing, or cut stone, has, taggage, and the stoppage of articles of maof country, and more than five times the in most instances, by modern cupidity, nufacture of other kingdoms, and which are quantity of water can be commanded on been taken off; yet the inside remains in most cases totally prohibited. A bottle the summit of that Canal through the Alle-standing, or, if fallen down, even yet con- of Cologne, in a lacy's trunk, is said recentghany Mountain than we collect on the tinues unbroken, in large masses like rocks, ly to have incurred a fine of thirty dollars on suminit through " Parr Spring Ridge." and which now can only be broken with crossing a dividing line; and all articles of Satisfied with the impracticability of the great labour. It is worthy of inquiry-jewelry, unless actually worn at the time, several routes exclusively within the territo- how long the butment of a bridge, or any cannot pass with impunity from one Italian rial limits of the State of Maryland, sub- brick work, in our country, with the out-state to another; and above all, any Swiss mitted to our examinatian, from the entire sides or casing taken off, would stand ex- or Italian manufacture of this kind must insufficiency of water to feed the summit posed to weather and our climate? Do we not enter France, the very source of free levels, we have not deemed it necessary to not too often make such public works not trade and anti-protection principles. prepare detailed or even general estimates only with insufficient mortar, but also often I have happened to see several of the of their cost; but are satisfied that the en- fill in their centres with common dirt and fairs in England and on the Continent; they tire cost of either of the proposed routes afore-loose materials, fit only to receive meis- are different from ours, as intended not so said, even if a sufficiency of water could be ture, so that the work soon falls down un-much for exhibition of fabrics, as for actual obtained, would not fall short of six millions der the influence of our severe frosts? sales of the articles by samples; their goods of dollars, excluding the heavy damages to This subject is worthy the consideration are exhibited in stores and booths, tempowater rights and other property, inseparable and correction of our legislature. Perhaps rarily erected in the streets. It is essential from the construction of such a canal along our corporation may more promptly give it that the predilection of foreign manufacthe Valleys of the Monocacy and Patapso. their attention. The British parliament ures should be overcome in our country. It is matter of regret to the undersigned have set an example worthy of our imita- From all the observation I have been enathat they have not been able to avail them- tion. They appoint a commission to in-bled to make, I have confidence, that in selves of the experience and talents of Col. vestigate any subject of public interest, so most articles the manufactures of our city S. H. Long, the Engineer appointed by that they can legislate more understanding and country have arrived to such perfecthe City of Baltimore, whose occupations ly. The extension of our internal improve- tion, that they might now be exhibited, with have detained him elsewhere. ments, as well as other buildings, requires out fear of comparison, with like articles of that they should be more permanently foreign production.-Would it not be well, erected, and the end obtained by inquiry, or at some future fair of the Institute, to proother means, will promote the interests of vide for an exhibition, in contrast of the fothe state. reign and domestic manufactures—and There is a growing attention on the Con- perhaps even to allow temporary booths, tinent to the concerns of America, which during the fair, to be erected for actual have hitherto been unknown, or but little sales? This subject seems to be worthy of noticed. Many of the American newspa- consideration. The people of Europe are pers are found on the Continent, and, al- divided into the governors and the govern though not always as discreet in their mated, and the line of distinction is more ter as might be desired, they often impart strongly marked than you can well imauseful information, and are now much gine; and it is almost incredible to notice, sought after here. The fame of our naval how little the arts and improvements of the architecture, but more especially of our present age have been applied, on the Consteamboats and railroads, has spread over tinent, to the concerns and comforts of comThe correspondence of General Tall- Europe, and made our country more ad- mon life. The condition of society may be madge with the American Institute, con- vantageously known, than all the other cir- inferred from the fact, that there is scarcely tinues to possess much interesting and useful cumstances of our history. Our achieve a side-walk in the streets of any city on the matter. The letters from which we ex-ments in these points, and in domestic ma- Continent, saving perhaps some modern tract in our present number contain much nufactures, are much spoken of, and furnish ones in a few places in Paris. It is said valuable information on the culture of Silk, many inquiries, and tend greatly to throw Russia has lately, and since the Emperor to which we beg to refer our country read-light into Europe, and to liberalize its in-visited England, made side-walks in two stitutions. Steamboats are shortly to be streets of St. Petersburgh as an experi ers more particularly. His first letter is put upon the Danube, and the other princi-ment. I have not seen one in any town on dated at Rome 3d, January last. pal rivers of Europe, and public attention the Rhine or in Switzerland, or scarcely in He :—“ I fear you may have mis-is universally turned to America, as great- Italy;-so little is the regard paid to the understood my last letter, and suppose Ily in advance on these important points.convenience of humble condition, while intended to speak of the particular Roman Whatever has heretofore been the case, titled greatness can roll in carriages, pro cement (so called) which is imported and Americans are now as much respected and tected by numerous attendants!-A like used in our city. The Romans used two noticed here, as travellers from any other parallel could be shown in the absence of kinds of cement in making their walls; the country-and our institutions are more in very many of the comforts of life so comone the common mortar, and the other the quired after. A file of the "New York mon to the American people. We have peculiar cement. The one is composed of American" is here, giving an account of great cause to bless our happy lot, while fine materials, and used for the troughs of the exhibition of the late fair of the Ameri- we strive to select, from Europe, any betheir aqueducts. An aqueduct near Tivoli, can Institute, which has attracted consider-nefits which may be transferred and added covered with stone, and laid and pointed able attention as an exhibition of the pro to our present stock. The charities of Euwith this cement, is now to be seen, after gress of mechanic arts. Although it is rope, so much boasted of, are worthy of perhaps two thousand years, and is so firm the principle of America to offer a full reci- our study, and are generally more to be that it will as soon break through the stone procity in trade and manufactures, and only avoided than to be adopted. Those of the I intended, however, to when this is refused to encourage her own Continent are more in the nature of hospi speak of the common mortar, used for by protecting duties, it is worthy of cbser-als, than as almshouses for the brick or stone walls. Many of the mon-vation, that France and England are now anatomical museum of Edinburgh surpass GEO. W. HUGHES, U. S. Civil Engineer, on the part of the Maryland Canal Co. CHARLES B. Fisk, Civil Engineer, on the part of the State. From the Journal of the American Institute. GENERAL TALLMADGE'S LETTERS. says: as the cement. poor. The es any that I have seen. The surgical I have now been nearly a year in Euro- || 3000 lbs. a week, which is most sent to the preparations at Glasgow are excellent; but, pean cities, and have not witnessed, or heard New-York market. He is an intelligent as a whole, perhaps, London equals either, of, a single fire! The American Consul, man, and I found him willing to answer and certainly surpasses those on the Con- here, informed me yesterday, he had not my inquiries; as also were several other tinent. Of Paris I do not speak, as I have walls of the first and second stories of the ed his statement. seen a fire in Naples in eight years!-The establishments, and which mostly confirmThe sewing silks of not yet seen it. The medical preparations houses are thicker than ours; and in this we Naples are mostly made from the silk and the hospital at Rome, are very respec- should improve in our city. The stairs are grown in Calabria, where the worm is fed table. At Geneva great regard is had to uniformly of stone, and the roofs of tile, principally upon the black mulberry, and the ventillation;--so too at Milan, which and, most generally, the window frames are which makes the strongest and best for affords one of the best formed buildings I of stone. The result is, the materials be- sewing silk. Finizio stated that the worm have seen, and where there is provision for ing less combustible, there are fewer fires fed on the black mulberry made the strong. and less destruction. The tiles, at Rome, est thread; that on the white mulberry, finer twenty-five hundred beds, of which fourteen are lat, with an edge raised on each side, and better for fabrics; that on the Chinese hundred were then occupied, in addition to nearly half an inch, and narrowed down, so mulberry still finer and more delicate.out-buildings for contagious diseases. Flo- as to lay into each other like shingles. When asked if the cocoon from the Chirence has a respectable establishment with They are about twenty inches wide, and nese mulberry required more skilful and deanatomical preparations in wax-work, more thirty long: a small rafter, under each edge licate work to wind and work it, he said it extensive than any I have seen, and with or course, is laid in mortar; then a semi- did, and immediately produced two skeins, wonderful perfection. This is worthy of imi-circular pipe, laid in mortar, over the double one of which he said was from the black tation. But at Florence is an institution, like edge or course. It is an excellent roof, and mulberry, (from a bush, perhaps, eight or much better than any tiled roof I have ever ten feet in circumference,) the other from to almost every other city on the Contiseen with us. The same formed titles are a bush about four feet. The lesser bush, nent, and more extensive, for the reception uow found in excavating Pompeii, with the he said, was less liable to break the thread of infants abandoned by, or without par- addition, oftentimes, of a moulding or cor-in winding from the cocoon, and was used ents: windows are provided, by the doors, nice for the eaves of the house. Since the in finer silks for fabrics The black mul. in which infants can be placed, and a bell improvements in making our brick, with an- berry produced a stronger thread, and rung, so that they may be received, and the thracite coal, such large tiles might well would bear the larger reel, and was principerson handing them in not be discovered. be made for roofs: but, if tin, or zinc, is pally used in that business. The silk here preferred, I do wish cast iron rafters could is mostly made in the country by families It is here against the policy to have any of be used in all and either case. It would not in detail, and much of it reeled there, and the scrutinizing inquiry, so common in our increase the expense, but would add to the in this condition it is brought to market.country, after the parentage of infants, lest safety, and lessen insurance. If cast, one For sewing silk it is doubled as often as reit might fix a stain upon monastic purity or side flat and with an upright centre, it would quired, and twisted as much. This process The silk is titled excellence!-My friend, F. A. Tra- make them light, and yet of sufficient is wholly in a dark room. cy, visited this institution with me, and we strength, and afford a groove for the tiles worked wet, and for this purpose, to prewere informed, by its principal officers, that to rest on; the double courses, thus, to be serve a uniformity, the atmosphere is kept covered by the half pipe; and when pointed damp, the daylight excluded, and the work they then had 7,000 infants under their inside would be tight, not only as against carried on with small hand lamps. The care! And we saw so much as to credit the water, but also wind or snow. The same machine wss turned by men harnessed like statement.-Begging, in Ireland, is almost rafters, with sides reversed, would suit a mules. I have since been out about twenty universal: on the Continent it is a distinct tin or zine roof. I have before explained to miles to the silk factory of the king, which profession, followed as a calling; and in you, I believe, from Dublin, the importance is worked by water power, and by which many places it is greatly overdone, especi- of cast iron for frames and rafters. The the cocoons are also reeled. I stated to Fially at Rome, and said to be worse at Na-floors, in Italy, are uniformly of tile or nizio, as well as at the king's factory, that stone; if we, however, continue wooden the Italian sewing silk was sold in the ples. The result of my observations indufloors, we shall yet have accomplished much American markets by its weight, while the ces me to approve of the hospital charities in adopting iron rafters, and thus reject American sewing silk was sold by the -greatly to disapprove of those infant es- every thing combustible in our roofs. By skein; and that one pound of the Italian tablishments, and very much to doubt the making stone stairs, and stone or iron win-would have perhaps two hundred and fifty expediency of charities for the healthy poor. dow frames, much of the combustible ma- skeins, while one of the American silk But, instead of leaving them to infest the terials now in use with us will be rejected, would have about three hundred and fifty streets, houses of correction should be pro- controlled. It was an ordinance of ancient weight, or why the American sewing silk insurance become less, and fires more easily skeins. The cause of this dfference of vided, and as often as alms are asked, it Rome, that the basement, and first and sec- has a tendency to curl or knot, they could ought to be followed by an inquiry, and ond floors of houses, should be without not explain without a sample, but said the the applicant either to receive care and am- wood, and with arches; and it is these arch- weight of sewing silk could be diminished ple provision for his wants, or sent to a es which now support the ruins. or very considerably augmented in the dye house of correction. London is now try The climate here is delightful-like ouring, and that good dyeing required the silk ing this experiment in her principal streets, best October. There is little, however, for to be well boiled in soap, after which it was and has affixed notices requesting persons inquiry, as to improvements useful for our put into an acid, and was there prepared not to give alms. Observation upon the country. The government, or the people for the process of the dye, according to the would not suit us, and we perhaps would color, as desired. The gloss, or dressing, Italian cities will show the pernicious con- as little suit them. You can have no idea sequences of street begging. The cold of the wretched condition of the population, seems to be produced by beating and twistvictual beggars in our city are a fruitful and the state of general intelligence in this ing on a post, which, with the manual labor nursery of vice, and will soon grow into an city. That class of aetive, elastic, and in- put upon its finish, it is supposed prevents its tendency to knot. uncontrolled fraternity. telligent people which occupies our streets, is unknown here. No mind, no information, no inquires or interchange, mark this people; servile grovelling for a miserable was that the color was casual, and the subsitence only is aspired after !" value the same; that a selection of white His next letter is dated at Naples, 5th or yellow cocoons from which to get eggs March, 1836. I had intended to have written more, but have not time. morning. The next letter, in order, is dated Naples, January 26, 1836. "The last mail brought us the public prints from Paris, announcing the melancholy fire at New-York, on the 16th of De. cember. It has produced a gloom upon every American face here, and even awakens a correspondent feeling in other foreigners. I have full confidence, however, that the elastic power of our national character will soon rise above this calamity; though severe and extensive it remains for us to profit by the misfortune.' I asked if the color of the cocoon, yellow or white, gave any difference of value, or indicated a sickly worm, and the answer would probably produce a like color; and Mr. Finizio said he had some customers who had so selected and brought him cocoons entirely white; and that for white ribbons or fabrics, they commanded a greater price of from three to five per cent., though otherwise of equal value. "Since I arrived in this land of fame and fable, I have not been unmindful of the culture of silk, so justly a subject of great and growing interest to our country. I have visited several manufactories of silk. It is not the season for seeing the silk worm, but most of its progress in other respects I I have made many other inquiries and obhave been able to see. I have made many servations on this subject, but which in the inquiries in hopes of obtaining useful in-limits of a letter cannot be detailed. The formation. Finizio is an extensive manu- eggs are here in market during most of the facturer of sewing silk; he makes about year, and by being kept in a grotto, or cold damp place, the worm can be produced as required. The sirocco, or hot south wind, is here the greatest enemy of the silk worm, and sometimes suddenly destroys so many of the worms as to require the reproduction of another class, from eggs in reserve. They should be sheltered from this wind, and ventilation should be given them from above or by back windows. I think we have sometimes a like south, or south-west wind, which should be guarded against, and which our gardeners call a red wind, from a rust praouced by it on peach, and apricot trees, which curls up and burns the young leaves, and often kills the trees, and is said to affect the mulberry trees in like manner. ||cers, who are to examine and afford ample|ing eight bales of coton to its market, and In Calabria, which is in the south of Italy the black mulberry is principally used. In the rest of Italy the white mulberry, common to them and to France, is principally used. The north of Italy, that is between But even as a new staple for the country, the Alps and the Appenines, produces the and a new article of production in common most and the best silk. In this region, and families, the culture of silk will be an in- especially in Sardinia, near Turin, and at valuable acquisition. I have made every Novi, the English and French are competi observation in my power, and I am fully tors in market, to purchase their silk as the convinced that the culture of silk wil be best in the world; and yet on the 9th of found suitable to our climate, and well March, the snow was one foot and a half adapted to our country and people. Cala-deep, and the streets of Novi blocked up The black mulberry tree is a native of bria, though south of Naples, is mountain. like our Cedar street! In Calabria the silk our country, and is common in Dutchess ous, and a much colder climate than ours. is produced by the country people, in their sounty, especially in Fishkill. It is, on my The Milan and Peidmontese silk is the best; families, and mostly reeled by them. There farm, a common tree. It is as valuable for and is much sought after in the London are very few factories for reeling in the posts and timber as red cedar. If the sug- market. Those districts are in the north Neapoliten kingdom. In Lombardy, and gestions of Mr. Finizio, and others, as io of Italy, and near the Alps. I think the pro towards Venice, there are also establishthe black mulberry, are correct, as being duction of the worm should be delayed un- ments for reeling, yet the greater part is better for sewing silk and more easily reeled, til after the usual cold storm to be expected reeled by the families, in detail, and brought is not the matter worthy of attention? and from the 15th to the 25th May. Our month to market in the skein. In Sardinia the especially in the first effort, and until skill of June would be the most desirable as a cocoons are mostly reeled in establishments. and experience is obtained? The black first establishment for them. If families At Novi their reeling establishments are m mulberry can be immediately used, while a can be induced to the growing of the co- merous saw one, now erecting, which few years will be required to rear the Chi-coon, the women and children will soon is a quadrangle two hundred feet square, nese, and obtain the silk for its more deli. produce as much from the mulberry trees and appropriated solely to reeling cocoons. cate work. My most excellent and lament- about the house and along the fence, as the They are purchased up from near Milan, ed wife, in the few last years of her de- father can make on the clear profit of his and many miles distant. This is admitted clining health, occupied her active mind in farm. Thermometers or fires are not much to be the best silk in the world. The red some experiments with the silk worm. She used in Italy, the season giving the tempera mulberry is here principally used, and is placed some of the eggs in the fall of the ture required. The business must be sim-known as the Calabria mulberry. It is des year, and left them, during the severe cold plified, and freed from too much instruccribed as having a dark fruit; the tree is of the winter, in an upper chamber; and ion, to secure its success with us. The like our black; and when I called it black others she placed in a family room not af difficulty to extract reasons or information mulberry, I was corrected, and told the stain fected by the frosts; in the spring season from the common people of the continent is of the fruit was red, and not black, and which they produced the silk worm equally well; so evident, and they so essentially differ gave the character of the tree. The French she put some eggs in the ice house, not on from our American people in their aptitude in addition to the white mulberry, have a the ice, but on the straw, and in its atmos- to give reasons and explanations, that I say dwarf white, much liked, and getting into phere; and some time, I think, in July.-do not seek or receive too much Euro use; but, it must be remembered, there is they were brought out, and produced their pean instruction, but rely on the producible not in France, and scarcely in Italy, a fence, worms in good condition. She fed one hun-common sense of our people; this fund and they do not graze their fields as we do. dred worms on the black mulberry, one will not fail or be insufficient, and, with a With our habit of pasturage, the dwarf would hundred on the white, one hundred on the little experience, I am sure of success in be inadmissible. The Chinese mulberry is Chinese, and one hundred on the black in the culture of silk in our country. Induce unknown in Italy. I found only a few their early stages, and, in the last stage, be- to the growing of the cocoons, and the ob- young engrafted trees, but no experiments fore making their cocoons, upon the Chi-ect will be accomplished. It is a very sim there, to be relied upon, to establish its sunese; all succeeded well. Those fed on ple business. I shall continue my observa perior utility. In Italy, and in France, the the black, seemed to produce the strongestions on this important and interesting submulberry is generally planted near the hou thread and most easily wound; the white ject, in my tour through France; but if ourses, along the road sides, by division fences, the next, with but little difference: those American merchants and dealers in silks and often like an open orchard. The trees fed wholly on the Chinese no ways different introduce the culture of silk, and obtain Its shade does not injure the land. The from Italy and France, could be induced to are formed like a middle sized apple tree. from those fed in the last stage, but great-poru time to time information from their tree in Italy is usually made to sustain a er difficulty to wind the Chinese than eith er those of the black or white. She had Correspondents, they would be a host of grape vine, and the field is cultivated for the publications made in our state, as well strength in the business. I have found wheat and other crops. There is less dis as those by order of congress on the culture the operatives here rather a prejudiced crimination here than you would imagine of silk, as her instructions. The impulse They work, but cannot tell the why or made experiments, especially on the Chiand uncertain Source for information.||in the kind of mulberry. The Fresch have wherefore." of her mind was to assist in procuring a profitable family employment for children, nese; and the opinion seems to be, that the for females and infirm persons; without which she considered that the noble system madge's letter, dated Paris, April 6th, 1836. of silk in one year, As yet, however, there Our next extracts are from Gen. Tall Chinese mulberry will bear to have its leaves twice picked off, and thus produce two crops of our Sunday free sehools and charitable institutions, was not carried to the full ex-I promised to say something more on the berry, even here, and the grower of silk "In my last letter from Naples I believe is not much use made of the Chinese multent of their benevolence. The hope of cultivation of silk. I have since travelled cannot answer as to its virtues; but the this consummation affords a cheering pros-through Italy, and especially in the silk dis- answer is often given to me, that, as to the pect. A wide field is presented, in which tricts, and also through France, and have quality and the quantity of the silk, it is the the philanthropist, the moralist, and the po- visited many of the manufactories in both same as any other mulberry; and that the litical economist may jointly labor, and, in countries, endeavoring to learn the details quality of the silk depends on the treatment their efforts, greatly promote good. Whoever has seen the condition of think, so essential to our country. the public of this subject, now so interesting, and, I of the worm, and the care and skill in reelthe common people of Europe, and especial-limits of a letter will, however, confine me mulberry on which it is fed than we expect, The ing. They pay less attention to the kind of ly the idle beggars of Ireland and of Italy will appreciate the indispensable necessity They have also white, and use it. Habit of attention to this growing evil with us. The weaving of silk after it gets into directs more in Europe than with us, and It is a maxim of political economy that "de-character; it is the production of silk, and ments for themselves. They should neither skeins, is like any other weaving of like therefore I urge that our people make experi mand begets supply," and experience has the habit of growing it, that must be acquir- take nor reject any thing too quickly upon shown that every charity is over crowded.ed by our country; and it is in this view, a European experience. The towns of England are holding meet Climate and cir. ings, and resolving not to contribute to street mine of boundless wealth, not second even cumstances may produce a different result, heggary, but to give tickets on certain offi- which so lately surprised Europe by send-have been incorrectly or inadequately tried, to the production of cotton. The country and the alleged experiments of Europe may to a few isolated remarks. Great efforts are made in France to advance the condition of its agriculture. It is ascertained that the increased use of the potatoe has diminished the consumption of wheat for bread. The raising of the beetroot, for the production of sugar, has, as one of its principal objects, the supplying a new production for the benefit of the farmer.— For the same reason the growing of madder is much encouraged, and the production of the beet and madder come in great relief to agriculture, and are made new sources of public wealth. Our farmer certainly merit the like fostering care and assistance. It is a peculiar and important circum-||learned from them useful to us. Silk, wine,|| ades, and on slides, for her upper tier. I am stance in favor of the adaptation and fitness and wheat, are their staple productions, and sure my national feelings do not lead me into of our climate to the culture of silk, that, to an almost incredible extent; so it is in an error, when I say that either our Frankwith us, the silk worm is produced at the France, where the manner of cultivation, lin, or Delaware, seventy-four is equal in beginning of warm weather, in May and and implements of husbandry, are much the force and strength. I was there before our June, by natural temperature of the season, same. Wheat is now so abundant in Italy affairs with France were known to be adjuswhile in Europe, and especially in Italy and and France, and the price so low, that 1ted, and was received and admitted as an France, it is produced only by artificial found them the other day, at Marseilles, American, and treated with kindness and temperature and means. This fact is a shipping wheat for the New York market! attention. volume in promise for our country. Fires and they would do the same from all parts and a thermometer are not used in the south of Italy, but for their lack of commercial of Italy to secure an equal temperature in enterprise. Our farmers are now sheltered the rooms of the worms, nor much used in by a protecting duty, otherwise their crops the north of Italy, unless in the region of would mouider in their barns; and even some snow capped mountain, or where oth- New York be furnished with bread from a er circumstances produce sudden inequali- foreign market. They have felt secure in ties of temperature. It is the same as to their production, and have not regarded, as the south and north of France. necessary to themselves, the system of proection for our domestic products. Should peace continue a few years longer in Europe, such is its surcharge of labor, and power of production, that every product of American agriculture will find foreign competition, even in our own markets at home. The wheat, both in Italy and France, greatly surprised me;-the quantity is immense, and greatly beyond my belief till actual observation; and I have travelled eight or nine hundred miles in France, and have no ||where found sour, dark, or imperfect bread. Can we do and say the same in our own country? The bread of France certainly has a decided superiority over ours. The books already published, by congress and our state, give the best, and indeed all the instructions which can be given on the subject; and with these, as guides, let the safe and unerring common sense of our people make experiments for themselves: and, I venture to say, the time is not far distant when America will produce silk in abundance from practical information and science, while other countries will continue to do it from habit. I have before mentioned the use of the natural current of the rivers and principal streams of the continent as a water power for manufacturing objects, and I have no doubt but the current in the East river, at New-York, may be used for the same purOn the continent, and particularly in Italy poses. At Lyons, a water wheel is thus and France, when about to get out, or transturned, and works a forcing pump which plant, trees or vines, it is the usage to dig drives up the water of the pier about three the hole about four feet square, and from hundred feet to a reservoir in a public gartwo to three feet deep; and after thus break- The agriculture of France is in fine con- den; it there forms a jet d'eau and falls ining up the ground, it is left some months dition, and secon only to that of Eng- to a marble basin, which serves as a foun. to the operation of the air, and to frost. land. It has every abundance and the tain in case of fire, and its overflow washes Sometimes manure is mingled with the dirt; people appear prosperous and happy. the streets. It is attended and worked by and when the tree is set out, the hole is fill. The olive is a valuable addition to the one man, and, but for the economy and sim. ed to a level. The tree, under such cireum- production of Italy and France. Our cli- plicity of the whole machinery, it might be stances, takes much firmer root, grows mate will not, perhaps, favor the tree, at recommended for adoption at New-York better and holds its upright position. least in the northern states; yet it is of and some of our public squares be thus or. Grape vines are set out on this principle; so much value it should be encouraged.-namented and made useful. but, more commonly, a ditch, or small canal, The olive can be successfully engrafted on The elastic power of our people in rising will be dug, three or four feet wide, and the ash tree, and thus, perhaps, it might be up from the disaster of the late fire, is cause two or three feet deep, and thus open, be acclimated with us. Some such trees, en- of wonder and admiration. Their physical left exposed to weather some months. Roots, grafted on the ash, are said to be growing energies, and manly efforts in support of or cuttings are then planted, and the dirt at Pistoia, about twenty miles from Flor-commercial credit, have commanded the ob filled in partially, so as to leave them to take ence. There is no inducement, in France servation and commendation of Europe. root at least one foot below the level of the or Italy, thus to engraft the olive, but the Our affair with France awoke attention, surface of the land. As the summer drought hint is certainly worthy the attention of our and the attitude assumed by our country comes on, the dirt is hoed about them nearly nurserymen and of our country. excited admiration and surprise. America to a level. The vines are treated upon the Marseilles is a delightful city. It has the is now advantageously known on the consame principle. In the spring the ground air and activity of New York, and partakes tinent. Respectable and intelligent Euro, is hoed away from the stock, so as to break in a like commercial prosperity. The air of peans no longer ask where America is, off and prevent the growing of the side and liberty and enterprise in the people appears nor inquire the costume and court lanupper roots; course manure is often placed in strong contrast on coming from Austria guage of this new people. In every so in the hole, about the stock, and in the dry and Italy, where the mental and bodily ener-ciety or circle an American citizen finds season the dirt is hoed over and about the gies of man are, but too certainly, drying demonstrations which afford cause for exstock from time to time nearly to a level. up under the jealousy and despotism of abso- ulting satisfaction, and increased love of The object and effect of this treatment of lute monarchies. The harbor of Marseilles hs country. The fanie of our success, in the vine is, by inducing the growth of the gave a zest to our feelings in the exhibition naval architecture and steam power, in agrideep and lower roots to prevent those side of several American vessels, and which culture, commerce and manufactures, in inand upper roots from running near the sur-even the ladies of our party readily distin-creasing wealth and universal prosperity, has face of the earth, and which, in the spring guished from others by their peculiar grace gone abroad, and the subjects of monarchs and wet seasons, produce an excess oland beauty. Our country, in its vessels, are inquiring if there is not some secret ma. growth, and in the dry and summer season certainly has an unrivalled excellence. Igic in the free institutions of America, which fail to sustain the vine, and leave the fruit spent a day in the examination of the Toulon works such mighty wonders." to wilt and wither, or become imperfect. It navy yard and fleet. It is an extensive is thus the roots of the grape vine are made naval depot, abundantly provided and pretty to run so low in the ground as to allow of well arranged. It is, in one sense, the peni eultivation, for a garden or for a wheat crop, tentiary or state prison of France. It has without the spade or plough reaching any four thousand convicts, sentenced to hard of the roots of the vine. An equality of labor; and they are allowed to solicit and growth, in the wet or dry season, is thus in receive gratuities from visitors. It has a degree secured; and the uniformity in- several guns intended to fire bombs on a sures the maturity of the grapes. May not direct line; these were shown with some this delightful fruit yet be naturalized with evident exultation; four are allotted to each of the larger vessels. They are well understood by our naval men. There was not any thing else novel or different from other aval depots; and all was of an order aud scale from which we have nothing to learn for our service. I was on board the Monte Bello, equipped and ready for sea; she Their crops and their cultivation are so dif-mounts 120 guns; her upper decks are song of the planting and culture of the mulmuch drawn in as to allow only of carron-berry tree, I fear I omitted to add that pro us? The implements of husbandry, in either Italy or France, offer not much for the American farmer. Their lands are mostly cultivated with the spade and manual labour, and when the plough is used, it is the old fashioned plough, on a pair of wheels.- ferent from ours, that very little can be CULTURE OF SILK IN FRANCE, &c. Since the foregoing was put in type, we have been favored with the perusal of a letter addressed to a member of the Institute, from General Tallmadge, dated Paris, April 12, 1836. As it contains some further suggestions in relation to the culture of silk, we have asked and obtained permission to make extracts from it. He says: "I have in part anticipated your request in relation to the culture of silk, and have written by the previous packet-as also from Naples. In my last letter, when speak |