Are you aware that a boy is generally stationed to take charge of those doors?Yes. rate save waste of labor and loss of time, when the knowledge acquired by practice in one place is to be employed in a new situation, and under a change of cir working a deep well. It had a beautiful be a serious impediment to the light?-Not || circumstances familiar to him, but which effect, and answered the purpose perfectly. practically, because it could be easily wiped may be absolutely necessary, or will at any His reflector was nothing more than a piece away. of tin plate. The daylight is not sufficiently intense; we cannot focus it so as to be passed through the galleries of mines. In your opinion, would the experiment be better conducted by placing the light above the shaft, or at the bottom of the shaft-It would depend on the depth and size of the shaft. Assume 200 yards in deptn?—In such ease above; you get at the materials and apparatus for forming the light better; the distance of 200 yards has very little effect in diminishing the light; reflected light does not obey the same laws as radiated light; radiated light diminishes as the squares of the distances, but reflected light does not; this is contrary to received opinions, but I am satisfied it is corect, from the observations I have lately made. You have not supposed any difficulties in the application of this light, beyond those already stated, which the Committee understand to be the interruptions occasioned by stoppings or trap-doors in the mines, or the extreme sub-division of the reflected light? I have: there are others, but I think of minor importance, which can only be justly appreciated in practice. The shafts of the mines are placed at right angles, that is, they are driven along, and they begin at the further end, and then work upwards; is there any difficulty in transmitting the light at right angles?-Not any difficulty whatever; you may transmit the light in any angle you please; it may first be thrown down a shaft, and then sent into any angle, upwards or downwards, or on one side or on another. Suppose there be a space of two or three feet left on one side, or both sides, of the carriages conveying the minerals along the galleries, the light might be transmitted independently of the space occupied by the carriages?—Certainly. Or through a similar space above the carriages -Yes. And of course, he might have instruc. tions to keep the glass perfectly clean ?— Certainly. From the Baltimore Farmer and Gardener. VIRTUES OF LIME AS A MANURE. cumstances. It is the object of this introduction to exhibit, in such a form as may be intelligible to those who have not made general chemistry an object of study, a concise view of such of the laws and facts of that science, as are absolutely necessary for the agricul tice, and which are more particularly returist who may wish to improve his prac We mentioned last week the republication of the excellent essay on this subject, by M. Puvis, in pamphlet form, and pro-quired by those who wish to avail themselves mised to give the very able introduction, of the knowledge contained in the subwith which the edition is prefaced, from joined essay. To do this has been found the pen of Professor Renwick, of Colum- no easy task. It would be in itself difficult, bia College, New-York. It will be found been more particularly so, as he has for but to the author of this introduction has below and will more than repay the reader years been in the habit of imparting infor the time devoted to its perusal; for it is struction to those whose habits of life and in truth a most luminious paper, replete thoughts are as remote as possible from those of the practical farmer; persons to whom the with intelligence which every farmer should be in possession of. His explana- instead of an impediment, and who, with peculiar language of chemistry is an aid tions of the constituents of soils and the ample time at their command, have an opmode of action of lime, upon peculiar soils, portunity of pursuing the study of the are both so plain that none who wish science step by step. Fully aware of these to comprehend them can mistake their im- difficulties, both general and peculiar, this attempt would not have been made, and port. For ourself we are gratified to find certainly not persisted in, had it not have gentlemen of Professor Renwick's distinc- been for the instances of an intelligent, tion putting their shoulders to the wheel scientific and successful farmer, who has in support of the cause of agriculture, as, urged the completion of the task as an ob besides the brilliant lights which are thrown ject likely to be beneficial to those, who, with perhaps equal zeal and naout by them, the influence of their names tive powers of mind, have not enjoyed is of incalculable value. We should not like himself, the advantages of a scientific omit mentioning that the public are indebt-education. ed chiefly to James Wadsworth, Esq. of New-York for the edition of this excellent work. And you propose, to obviate the difficulty of passing through the trap-doors, that means in the mines, by the insertion of "The chemical facts and principles glass in those doors; what is the smallest which are applicable to agriculture, are size you would consider sufficient for that neither numerous nor complete. They purpose?—It would depend upon the situation in which the door was placed in the are, however, to be found only in works mine; if in the first gallery, where you on general chemistry, in which they are wanted the full stream or supply of light to intimately associated with laws and phepass, you would require twenty inches di-nomena of a more abstruse description, ameter; when doors occur further on, in and in connection with which they constithe division of light, perhaps three or four tute a science of which the most learned inches in diameter would be sufficient. Would that be sufficient to light a gallery its existing form may require years of close are still students, and to attain which in at the distance beyond the door many hun- and attentive study. The language, too, dred yards, if twelve feet wide?-Certainly. There is another valuable natural fact that of chemistry, which, to those who study it I would mention here: the stream of light, in a regular course, serves as an artificial as it passes through the air, is refracted by memory. and single words of which call the atmosphere, and thrown in all direc-up long trains of thoughts and experiment, tions several yards, with an intensity suffi- presents the uninitiated all the difficulties cient for practical purposes. My house at of a foreign tongue. Bude has a long gallery in it; I passed a stream of reflected light through that gal-cal farmer may derive important benefit Yet it cannot be doubted, that the practilery; every bed-room entering into the gal lery was sufficiently illuminated in every from acquiring so much of this language part for a person to pick up a pin. The as will enable him to understand the chemlight in the bed-rooms was refracted light,ical explanation of the numerous changes from the reflected light passing through the which are continually taking place in the gallery. I conceive that unless men are natural actions which it is his high privilege working at some distance from the stran to call into his service, to direct in part, of light through a gallery, a reflector would and modify in degree. So also certain be scarcely necessary for them. Dusi floating in the atmosphere, reflects a good the properties of which he ought to be acchemical elements and compounds, with quainted if he wish to be able to direct his practical skill with more effect, even in deal of light sideways. Would the accumulation of dust upon glass so inserted in one of the trap-doors, The atmosphere which surrounds our earth is the first object to which our attention should be directed. This is the vehicle of the moisture, which, whether it fall in the form of rain or dew, run in streams or issue from springs, is absolutely essential to the success of the farmer's labor. It is also, as we shall presently see, important to him on other accounts. The greater part of the atmosphere is made up of a mixture of substances, each of which has the same mechanical properties as the whole mass. These air-like name of Gases. substances are known to chemists by the Of these gases, two make up by far the greater portion of atmospheric air, and exist in it in the proportion of about 4 to 1.That which is the largest in quantity and makes up nearly 4-5ths of the whole atinosphere, is called, in the Essay of M. Puvis, by the name of Azot, but is more usually gen. known in English by the name of Nitro This substance, although in the largest proportion, is the least important of the gases in its chemical effects. It does not aid in supporting the life of animals, nor in maintaining the burning (combustion) of inflammable bodies. The part of the atmosphere which is abcalled by the name of oxygen, and nearly solutely necessary for these purposes, is makes up the remaining fifth part of atmospheric air. In its support of life it al ways, and in containing combustion often, Oxygen, as we have seen, unites with ||licia in grains, which does not enter into unites with a chemical element, which is carbon, to form a gas which we have called the composition of the clay. Such a soil called carbon. This is familiarly known carbonic acid. is less liable to form a tough crust than a as forming the principal part of charcoal. This receives the latter part of its name pure clay, but it will require a very large In its union with carbon, oxygen forms a from its similiarity in properties to an ex-proportion of sand to destroy this property peculiar gas known by the name of carbon-tensive class of compound bodies, known altogether. ic acid. Carbonic acid is always found in small quantities in the atmosphere, to which it is furnished by the breath of animals and the fumes of burning bodies. It is, when in considerable quantities, fatal to the life of animals, but is prevented from accumulating to an injurious extent in consequence of its being taken up by water; it is therefore dissolved, in proportions about equal to those in which it is formed by rivers, lakes, the ocean, and the moisture of the soil. by the name of the acids. The greater part Clay mixed with sandy soils render them Loamy soils are generally said to be Of these bases, the alkalis, it is only ne potassa and soda, and to be aware that Lime is familiarly known by the same name that is generally used by chemists.It is obtained by the aid of heat from rocks which go by the name of limestones.These are combinations of lime with carbonic acid, which is fixed in them by chemical attraction, but which, when driven off by heat, takes the same form as the air of the atmosphere, or becomes a gas. This gas from this circumstance has been called fixed air, by which name it is often known when causing the sparkling and froth of cider and beer. The principal part of lime stone is therefore called by chemists carbonate of lime. Carbonate of lime is also found in shells, both those of living animals and those which exist in the ground in a fossil state. In the former it is mixed with animal matter which is more or less sepa Water exists in the atmosphere in the form of vapour. The great source of this vapour is the extended surface of the ocean, and it is governed by a mechanical law, by which it is continually tending to distribute itselt uniformly over the whole surface of the earth. It may thus exist in as large quantities over the surface of the dryest land as over that of the ocean itself. The tendency to equal distribution is continually counteracted by the changes in the sensible heat (temperature) of the at-cessary to know the names of two, namely, mosphere, and of the surface of the earth, which follow the alternations of day and night, and the vissitndes of the seasons.By these alternations and changes, the va pour is caused to fall (precipitated) in the form of rain, snow, hail, dew, or white frost, according to circumstances. Assuch The earth which the chemists call by the changes of temperature are more frequent name of silex or silica, is found almost pure on the land than on the ocean, the water in flint and rock chrystal; it is also almost which falls on the former in either of these pure in sharp colourless sands, and is by far forms is greater in quantity than that the larger part of sands of every description. which falls on equal surfaces of the latter. So far as the farmer need know its pro-rated since the death of the shell fish. Thus by a wise and benevolent Provi-perties: it is hard rough to the touch, has dence, the water of the ocean is continually no attraction for water, which it permits to furnishing vapour, which is precipitated on the land for the support of vegetation and the supply of springs, and whose excess is poured back into the ocean in streams and rivers. Water has been found by chemists to be a compound substance, made up of two elements. One of these, which forms 8-9ths of its weight, is the gas already mentioned under the name of oxygen; the other, a peculiar gas, known by the name of hydrogen. Marl, in the sense in which the term is used by chemists, is a mixture of clay with filter through, or evaporate from it, with carbonate of lime. The English writers the greatest ease. It is capable of uniting on agriculture have not observed this diswith the other in compounds which are tinction and the term is sometimes applied called silicates, and is the only earth which by them to a decomposed chalk, which enters into the formation of soils uncom- may contain little or no clay: and somebined with the others or with other ele-times to clay which contains no carbonate ments. of lime. In fact, the name is frequently The earth which chemists call by the applied by them to any earthly matter name of alumina, is so named because it is found below the vegetable soil, which obtained by them in a pure form from the is capable of increasing its fertility. From well known salt called alum, of which it is this misapprehension, the substances which the basis. Its most marked characteristic go by the name of marl in New-Jersey, Hydrogen, when free, is the lightest of is plasticity; that is to say, it may be form. Maryland, and Virginia, do not correspond with the chemical definition, but are genall known bodies, rising and floating in at-ed into a paste with water, will then easily mospheric air; it not only combines with receive any form which may be given iterally beds of fo sil shells mixed in various oxygen, to form water, but with carbon to and retain that form unaltered, even by vio- proportions with earthy and saline matters form a great variety of compounds-ga- lent heat. It never exists in soils unmix- of various kinds. seous, liquid, viscid, and solid. It also ed, but in intimate association, or more combines with nitrogen, and forms a gas probably chemical combination with silicia, known by the name of ammonia, which it is the well-known substance called clay, is well known by the peculiar smell it gives or argillaceous earth. White clays are to spirits of hartshorn (liquid ammonia.) this combination nearly pure, and colored Hydrogen also combines with sulphur, clays often contain it with no other addiforming a gas known by the name of sul- tion than metallic coloring matter. Clay phuretted hydrogen; this exists in the at-retains the plastic property of alumina; it mosphere, but in such small quantities, as therefore causes soils to be retentiveof mois. only to be detected by the nicest chemical ture; and when they dry, make them tests. It combines in like manner with form tough clode or crusts, similar in charphosphorus, forming phosphuretted hydro-acter to sun-dried brick. Lime is a substance very different in its characters from the two earths we have previously spoken. When prepared by heat from any of the original forms of its carbonate, it retains their shape unaltered, but may have its color changed, and always loses considerable in weight. It is now acrid, caustic and corrosive, and allkaline. Of these the most important is, that it unites with acids to form compounds included in the general class of salts. Of the salts of lime which are important to the farmer, the gen gas, whose presence in the air is occa Soils which contain clay are often also three principal are: the carbonate, which, sionally perceptible. mixed with sand, or with an excess of si-as we havo stated, is found in lime-stone, mals. chalk, and marl; the sulphate, in which corrode and destroy iving vegetables, and is a law of chemistry, that its action is always lime is combined with sulphuric acid, and hasten the decomposition of the vegetable aided by the bodies being in a fluid state, which in combination with water is the sub-matter of the soil to such a degree as to in-aud the action is often impossible when the stance so well known to our farmers under jure its fertility. Except upon turf bogs, bodies are perfectly free from moisture.— the name of plaster of Paris, or less fami- and land loaded with timber not wholly de- Hence the direct chemical action, and conliarly by that of gypsum; the phosphate, composed, quick or caustic lime ought not sequent decomposition, takes place with which constitutes a part of the bone of ani- to be used; but to burn lime, and then by greater certainty and more rapidity in green slaking to reduce it to the form of fine pow-juicy and succulent vegetables, than upon Lime, when exposed to the air, attracts der, which is speedily carbonated by expo- those which have been deprived of moisture carbonic acid, which is always to be found sure to the air, is a more ready, and gene- either naturally or artificially. The grass, if in the atmosphere; it thus passes back to rally a cheaper mode of obtaining the car- heaped up in a recent state, decomposes, the state of carbonate, but in so doing gra-bonate in a convenient form, than to grind and if but partially dried, is heated, and may dually falls to powder, and is then said to imestone to powder in mills. Yet for many even take fire, by the chemical action of its be air-slaked. If slaked with water, it also of the most valuable uses of lime in agricul- elements; while, if dried by exposure to falls to a powder, which still retains the ture, the latter method, if as cheap, would the sun and air, and then laid up in a dry caustic character of the burnt lime; but this answer as well. place in the form of hay, it is almost indepowder, when exposed to the air, unites Lime slowly combines with the earth si-structible. A moderate degree of heat and with when carbonic acid more rapidly than lica, and produces a compound very differ- access to air is also necessary to promote ent in character from either. It is this, to the chemical action by which decomposiLime, in its caustic state, has the pro-cite a fact in proof of our statement, which tion is effected. This decomposition is ofperty of rapidly decomposing vegetable and gives the sharpness and solidity to ancient ten attended with motion among the parts; animal substances, thus hastening the na-mortar. The carbonate of lime will serve and always, if the mass has a liquid form, tural processes by which they are finally de- to form this compound: and thus, when it as in the expressed juice of vegetables, or stroyed; or, to speak more properly, have has time to act upon sand, it renders a sili- in the steeps employed by distillers and their elements resolved into new combinacious soil more retentive of moisture; while, brewers, it goes in general terms by the tions. The offensive and unwholesome if applied to clay, by combining with its si- name of fermentation. When the vegetagases, which are given out by this com- licicus matter, it renders it more friable; position, are absorbed by the lime, and pro-and it is to the formation of this compound, bably by its other compounds; but in order by slow degrees, that we are inclined to that either this earth or its compounds ascribe the valuable mechanical properties of shall manifest this property, they must be loamy soils, and the gradual amelioration in small fragments, or, which is better, in produced by the use of lime, marl, and shells, fine powder. in mass. as a manure. ble matter abounds in starch, the first change is the conversion of this principle into sugar. Sugar, if thus formed, is next converted into alcohol, as it is. if previously existed in the plant. The presence of alcohol gives the liquid in which it exists the charater of vinous liquors, and if these are Wet sand and plastic clay, and those soils Besides silica, alumina, and lime, an earth permitted to remain in a turbid state, a farthio which they give their characters, also called magnesia is likewise found in some er fermentation converts them into vinegar; possess the property of absorbing gases; soils. It is also, in the form of carbonate, and finally vinegar is farther decomposed, but they have this in a very inferior degree a frequent constituent of limestones. This and the vegetable matter, giving out an ofto lime and its compounds. As the gases earth has many properties in common with fensive smell, is said to putrify. If the generated by the decomposition of vegeta-lime; like lime it is capable of neutralizing substance be not an expressed juice or lible and animal substances form a large part acids; and when deprived of carbonic acid quid steep, these several stages of fermenof the necessary food of plants, it is obvious by heat, corrodes vegetable substances.- tation ensue with rapidity, may be going on that a soil which contains the carbonate of It probably also hastens putrefaction, and at the same time, and are sometimes so lime, may retain and store them up for use, both it and its carbonate are capable of ab-speedy in their course that no other action while they will be lost in soils of a different sorbing gases let loose in that natural pro- but the putrefactive fermentation can be decharacter. cess. It is, however, of little interest in tected. Animal bodies are subject to the Carbonate of lime may also be made a agriculture, except as a part of some of the most important article in the preservation limestones which are used as a manure.of the most valuable parts of putre- This, if applied in large quantities, are somescent manures, until they can be applied to times very injurious to vegetation; the reathe soil. In this way marl is applied to a son of this is, that magnesia does not repass great extent in China; the night soil of to the state of carbonate as rapidly as lime, their numerous population is there formed and therefore contains its corrosive quality into cakes like bricks, with marl, and thus long after the lime has again become mild loses its offensive smell; but when these by its union with carbonic acid. In less applied as manure to the land, they give quantities, however, the magnesian limeout the gases again as they are required for stones may serve as a manure, but their ap the nourishment of plants. So also in Nor-plication requires great caution, particulartolk, the site for dung-hills is prepared by ly when the quantity of magnesia amounts a layer of marl, which is incorporated to twenty-five per cent. with the manure from time to time, and lost. same laws, and go through the same stages of fermentation, but the rapidity with which they run into putrefaction is even greater; still there are some cases, as in that of milk, where the vincus stage can he occasionally, and the acetic distinctly, observed.— Thus, a vinous liquor is prepared in some countries from milk, and the sour taste which appears in it when kept, arises from the presence of vinegar. In the several stages of fermentation, parts of the vegetable assume the form of gas or vapor, and are given out to the air. The gases which have been detected, are All of the simple substances we have carbonic acid, a gaseous compound of carretains the gases which would otherwise be mentioned, except perhaps the last, either bon and hydrogen, and in some instances separate or in various states of combinaammonia. The vapor is that of water, Lime may therefore be applied in its caution, exist in plants. The manner and char-which escapes in greater quantities than it stic form in some cases in agriculture, for acter of the combination is influenced by the would under ordinary circumstances, in it will hasten the decomposition of animal vital action of the plant which causes them and vegetable matters which might be oth-to form compounds, often in direct opposi- process is attended If exposed to rain, consequence of the heat with which the erwise inert; it will also neutralize acids, tion to the manner in which the ordinary soluble salts with earthy and alkaline bases, which experienced farmers well know to laws of chemistry would direct. It thus arc washed from the mass. Finally, a exist in many soils, which they in conse-happens that so soon as the plant ceases to mass of carthy consistence alone remains, quence call sour. But the latter purpose live, these chemical laws being no longer which, on examination is found to be made will be answered as well by the carbonate impended, begin to avert their influence; of lime, which may be applied as it exists and if it be in such a state as will admit of up of earths, insoluble salts, and carbon, being, in fact, identical with vegetable in marl or shells, or as it may be prepared the several elements acting readily upon mould. by grinding limestone. Caustic lime is al-cach other, a decomposition, more or less so dangerous in its application, for it will rapid, of the vegetable structure ensues. It We may hence infer that the fol separated, and others enter into new com- In the first of these methods there have "These machines are evidently great labor saving machines, and it is believed they are more perfect than any others designed for this manufacture. They possess the rare test of mechanical perfection, in being quite independent of great skill or cleverness in the operator. Any faithful, diligent, and industrious labourer, of ordinary intelligence, can work them with advantage. "Your Committee recommend these ma. chines as eminitely useful in the manufac1. Certain peculiar acids, of which we ture of staves, and anticipate that their permay cite fection will suggest some corresponding im (1) Acetic acid, which, mixed with wa-provement in the manufacture of barrel and pipe heads, yet much needed in this branch of the arts." ter, forms common vinegar. (2) Citric acid, which is found in the lem The chemical examination of vegetable bodies ought of course to lead to similar results. This examination has been conduct-on and orange. ed in 3 different ways. (3) Malic acid, which exists in the ap 1. With the view of discovering the na-ple. ture of the compounds, called vegetable (4) Tartaric acid, in the juice of the principles, which exist ready formed in grape. plants. (5) Oxalic acid, in the wild sorrel. CORNELL'S PATENT STAVE MACHINE. creased demand for the articles of which it Copy of a letter from A. W. EDWARDS, of Fulton, Oswego County, New-York, who had in use two of the Machines, and was waiting for the other. "I am in very great want of a dressing Machine, I have 30,000 staves already seasoned to dress, and plenty of contracts waiting to be supplied. I would not be without the Machine for ten dollars per day. I find no difficulty in cutting ten staves per minute, and I can very nearly average that from Oak timber, of which I use considerable. From BROWN, LORD & Co. of Bangor, Maine, who have had a Machine in operation one year. "In answer to your request respecting From the Washington (North Carolina) Nu nerous inventions have at various times been patented to facilitate the making The sawing machine and the dresser, "Cornell's Stave Machine,-The slaves of staves for casks, barrels, &c., but few of which together constitute a complete ma- made by this Machine are, without which have proved successful. The one excepwhich is the subject of the present notice chine, will occupy a space of about ten feet tion the most beautiful and correctly jointed forms an exception. Competent judges give Square, and can be attached to an ordinary and dressed staves we ever beheld. A bar it a decided preference over any similar in. saw mill at an expense of geering not to ex-rel made of Pine staves was exhibited full vention and are of opinion that it must even.//ceed $50, and in most cases for a less sum. of spirits of turpentine, which had been fill branch of coopering which prepares the either steam, water, or wind, is equal to right. We were present when the same staves for the casks. This machine was about seven horses. Two men will be re- barrel had been filled with water before, and invented by Philip Cornell a native of Ver- quired to a machine. An ordinary mill, with it was then perfectly tight also. There does mont, but for many years a resident of Cay-one saw, will supply timber for three ma not remain a doubt but that it (the machine) Barrels made of them need no flagging, and uga County, in this State, who died in 1834. chines. The timber is first sawed into makes staves from any kind of wood, far soon after his invention was introduced to plank 37 inches thick, and then cut to the superior to those dressed in the usual way. the notice of the public. At the last Fair of length of the staves required.-Staves can the American Institute this Machine was be made from any kind of wood without re-the staves must make a tight joint. exhibited in operation and attracted great gard to the grain. A machine will complete bilge or size of the barrel may be varied at pleasure, as well as the thickness or length of the stave." attention, and a gold medal was awarded as a premium to the proprietors by the Institute. The patent is now owned by a company in this city, who we understand offer for sale rights for making and using the machine on liberal terms. [Mr. Edwin Williams of this city, is Agent for the proprie. tors, office No. 180 Broadway.] two thousand oak barrel staves per day, of The Extract of a letter from Messrs TANNAHILL & LAVENDER, Washington, N. C., May 25, 1836. "The sample of staves (made by Cornell's Machine,) sent by us to the West Indies, were very much approved, and contracts Extract from the Report of the Committee of might have been made for cargoes." the American Institute, adopted October This machine is now in operation in several parts of the United States, and fully answers the expectations of the inventor and those who have purchased a right to "With dilligent attention and adequate use it. Like other labour saving machines which have been introduced into the me-power, one set of these machines, of which chanic arts, it has encountered the prejudi- there are in effect three, two of them, the ces of many who are interested in the branch bevelling and smoothing machines being of industry to which it is applied, no doubt separate in their action, although construct. under the apprehension that it would lessened in one frame, and the machine for sawing the demand for their labor. Experience out the staves being separate in another, if will prove in this, as it has in other instan is highly probable that two men supplied ces, that the apprehension is not well found with material at hand, could saw, bevel, and ed; that instead of lessening the demand for smooth three thousand barrel staves in a day workmen, it will be increased, by the in- of ten working hours. From JOHN P. OBER & Co. Elsworth, The subscribers have had in operation for three months, at Elsworth, Hancock County, Maine, one of Cornell's Patent Stave Machines, and find it to answer our expecta tions in every respect; we have finished twenty-eight staves, thirty-two inches long, of beach wood, in five minutes, and can average two thousand every day of ten work. ng hours. We obtain for the staves for barrels of Beach, Birch and Ash, from sau street. AGRICULTURAL PAPERS. From the Southern Agriculturist. TICLE FOR FENCING. DEAR SIR,-At your request, I furnish woodman's axe. country is becoming, every year, more thickthe vast primeval forests which cover the land, must necessarily disappear before the ly settled, and as cultivation is pushed on, in a few years we will begin to feel the want of the necessary wood and timber for our farming purposes, and see the utility of setThe consequence is, that forest trees. istence of this want of timber on some of ting out plantations of the more valuable Indeed, I am aware of the exit is particularly to the planters of those sections that I address these remarks. our sea-islands, and fertile rice lands, and twelve to fifteen dollars per thousand, (nett|tinue to be their lamentable lot, until by an 1,000.) We have proved the barrels and elevation of the intellectual and moral ON THE PRIDE OF INDIa tree, as an arcasks made with the Machine, and find they character of the mass of the people, they will answer for liquor or dry casks, as well shall be qualified so to improve the resouras those made from any other staves. ces which a benignant Providence has JOHN P. OBER & Co. (One of this firm is a Practical Cooper.) placed at their command, as to enable every one, by moderate labor, to acquire the ne. You with my observations on the Pride of Those who wish to see the Machine in would be the ultimate effects of doubling, places where timber is scarce and of incessaries and comforts of life. That such india Trees, as an article of fencing, in operation in this city may have an opportu-trebling, quadrupling the products of the nity by calling at the office of the Mechan- earth by the industrious exertions of the some pains in cultivating this high valuable different quality. I have, myself, been at ics Magazine and Railroad Journal, 132 Nas-agricultural community, if guided and di- tree; and bringing it to that state of perrected by intelligence, is too plain to require fection, which I have heard it attains, in its proof. Would the general circulation of native clime. The result of my experience agricultural papers, by diffusing knowledge, ful and profitable fencing and timber trees and by contiuually presenting to the mind known to the southern plantation. Our is, that it may be made one of the most useWhile contemplating the immense and demonstrative proof, that great and amply of the agriculturist, clear, unequivocal and incalculable benefits which must necessa- rewards, are the sure and certain conserily result not only to the farmer and plant-quence of such exertions, have a tendence er, but to the public in general, and to every to stimulate the community to active and class of the community in whatever occu- intelligent exertions? He who doubts this, pation engaged, from the general improve- must believe the gross and palpable absurment of agriculture and the powerful ten. dity, that the greater the knowledge a man dency of agricultural papers to produce such possesses of the business in which he is enimprovement, the man of reflection, who gaged, the more will he be disqualified to loves his country, and who feels any regard pursue it with advantage, and that the more for the happiness of his fellow men, cannot clearly and distinctly the prospect of rebut be struck with astonishment, not only ward for his labor is held out to the farmer, at beholding so many of those who are de- the greater will be his indolence. With voted to the profession of agriculture, and those who can believe these propositions, if who are entirely dependent on it for the any such there be, it would be vain and idle of India, that I have yet discovered, is the supply of all their wants, voluntarily de- to reason they can believe any thing they following. Kun a plough in a straight für The best method of cultivating the Pride barring themselves from the easiest, the wish-their error proceeds not from the most agreeable, the cheapest, and the most head, but from the heart-what they want row to the one made, then take a hoe, and effectual mode of acquiring knowledge in is not the capacity, but the inclination to at the distance of eight feet, open a hole row, and return, ploughing up another fürtheir profession-but at the short-sighted discover truth. To all others, of whatever about one foot wide along the ridge, which views of those who are obviously not less character or occupation, we would say, if fill with well rotted manure from the stable, deeply interested than the farmer himself, you believe that agricultural improvement in producing that state of improvement, on would be thus beneficial to your country, or five berries. This should be done in the production of which the prosperity of conducive to the best interest of yourselves March or April. Cover them lightly and or heap of compost, into which drop four all is alike dependent. Let every man but and of your fellow citizens, of every class attend the young plants as you would cotask himself, what would be the effect on and description, and that the wide and gen. ton, keeping down grass and weeds, and the public prosperity, and on that of every eral circulation of agricultural papers would pulling up the weak and slender shoots, individual of which society is composed, have a tendency to produce that improve- leaving but one of the most healthy and whatever may be his occupation, were the ment, do not patriotism, philanthropy, and vigorous. Go over this twice in the course fertility of the land and the quantum of his an enlightened regard to your own interest, of three months, with a plough, turning over annual production to be doubled, trebled, or all conspire to demand, that you should the furrow to the plants. The young trees quadrupled-all must see at a glance, that exert yourselves by every means in your will rapidly grow to the height of six or the national wealth and resources would be power, by your example, by your exhorta- eight feet. in the same degree enhanced. The gov- tions, by your instructions, and by your in- occasionally strip off the leaves and lateral ernment would be enabled, with far less in-fluence, to extend as widely as possible the shoots, in order to train the stems to a cer During this time, you must convenience to the people, to raise double, circulation of papers entirely devoted to the tain length. Keep them merely stra ght treble, or quadruple the revenue which can diffusion of agricultural knowledge and the twigs to which they will naturally tend, now be collected, either for the purpose of production of agricultural improvementdefending the country against foreign ene- papers whose influence, while it may be them to mies, improving it by roads, canals, &c., or productive of such incalculable good, can by keeping down weeds and grass as in the until the next spring, when you will direct for what is of still greater importance than no possibility be injurious to any human year before. In this year they will attain the grow as upright as possible, either, the establishing and sustaining a being? We ask you, calmly, soberly, and thickness of about twelve inches in circumsystem of Universal Education, by which, deliberately, to consider the subject, and ference; and by the next spring the height and by which alone, liberty can be perpet- then to act in such a manner as reason, of twelve or fifteen feet. The growth may, uated, the people elevated to that dignity conscience, patriotism, and an enlightened however, be improved by the use of the and worth of which they are capable, and regard to your own interest, shall dictate. hoe and manuring They may now be which it should be considered the first duty For ourselves, we entertain not a particle permitted to put out lateral limbs, suffering of every Republican Government to confer of doubt, that were some well conducted the most vigorous to continue, and taking The farmer and planter would be benefitted agricultural paper generally circulated and off the weak by receiving a double, a treble, or quadruple read in every neighborhood in the United pruning knife. This will preserve the qual reward for his labor, to be expended in sup- States, its salutary influence would, in a ity and beauty of the timber, making it fit ones while young, with a plying his wants, increasing his wealth, or few years, be clearly exhibited in the intel- in fifteen years for all manner of furniture. promoting his comfort. The merchant, the lectual and moral improvement of the lawyer, and the mechanic, will be benefitted ple, in the increase of the national wealth highly appreciated. It may be sawed into by a double, treble, or quadruple ability in and resources, and in the increased happi- boards from twelve to eighteen inches wide, peo- The value of the wood cannot be too their customers to purchase their goods, or to reward them for their services; and community. To the production of such scoting of the most beautiful shades. It is ness and prosperity of all classes of the fit for almost any purpose, or into wainabove all, the laborer of every description, results we are not only willing, but desirous light, sonorous wood, not apt to split, and would be benefitted by constant employ of contributing our utmost exertions, and it capable of a very high polish. It is entirely ment, and good wages paid in ready money. is therefore, that we solicit all those who divested of any resinous matter, and thereIn a word, universal prosperity would over. have it in their power by the communica- by fitted to receive the most beautiful var flow the land, and universal intelligence tion of agricultural knowledge, and by their nishes. It possesses powerful vermifugous and increase of virtue, would enable and exertions in promoting its diffusion to the qualties, and thereby fitted for all furni dispose the people so to use it, as to banish widest practical extent, to afford us their ture of the bed chamber, as no bugs or any from the country by far, the larger portion aid and co-operation-on that aid and co other insect will infest it. of that misery and distress under which operation, we are fully sensible, must the quality of the wood may be improved by mankind, in all ages and countries, have success of ours, and similar efforts, in a being grown on land of a clay bottom, but heretofore groaned, and which must con- great measure depend.-[Tenn. Farmer.] will grow well on the loosest sandy loam. a The texture or |