&c by surcharging it with vapor, or dust, ||ple stove, (Dr. Nott's, I believe,) placed in || score if your pipe is long enough, and your gases, or any thing else objectionable;-ex. a fire-proof closet about four feet square, fire hot enough. I have been told that Mr. cept that in the case of heating by steam, I with a door of sufficient size to admit a have read a statement that it sometimes person, in the top of which were perfora- from one fire. Perkins says he can heat a whole parish causes an unpleasant odor; wing, prob- tious, through which the heated air passed ably to the particular metal of which the to the rooms above. pipes are made; for the complaint is not applied generally to this method.

From the Mechat.ics' Magazine.

STEAM, versus WATER.

As to the original cost of hot water and steam apparatus, and the quantity of heatSo much for the quality of the heat ob- ing surface necessary in each, I am no end improvement seem to be aware of the Few persons even in this age of inquiry tained by these different methods:-I will able to say much. It is stated in the "En-vast superiority of steam over every other now state what little I know of its cost. cyclopedia Americana" that one square form of motive power. Many are sull, by An obvious advantage of furnaces, stoves, foot of steam-pipe has been found sufficient this assertion, reminded of the anecdote of etc., is, that if they are well constructed, to heat two hundred cubic feet of air; but the famous Brindley. In giving evidence you may burn in them almost any kind or this may have been for the English climate. before a Committee of the House of Comquality of fuel, and thereby save the differ- In Perkins' hot water, called the "high mons on the subject of Canals, he spoke of eace between the cheapest and dearest, (sup- pressure" apparatus, rolled iron pipes are their superiority as a mode of communicaposing, of course, that they are not in your used, hermetically sealed, 30 that the water tion in such decided terms, that a member parlers, or exposed to view.) Another ad- is confined and heated to 350° or higher, asked for what he thought rivers were invantage is, that you may dispense with the consequently much less pipe is required tended? he unhesitatingly replied, "to feed incumbrance of chimnies, and a great deal of than in those where they are kept at 212°, canals." Now, though we say that the expensive ornamental work,amounting,I am or a very little over. In London these iron manufacturer will one day "feed his boiler told, to a thousand dollars in many houses. pipes are frequently used for gas, instead of from the falls," we think that the assertien But as to the comparative cheapness in lead, which answers the purpose quite well; is not a bold one, and that it does admit of respect to fuel of "hot air," "steam," and so I presume their cost cannot much exceed proof. "hot water," I can only mention a fact re-that of lead pipe. One great advantage of ported in the London Journal of Arts and this "high pressure" method is, that all Sciences: that in one case, where hot water your boiling may be done without the cost was introduced into a house that had pre-and dirt of an extra fire, and in wooden orell, possessed of the best water power in viously been heated by hot air, the saving of fuel was one third; but this was not considered a fair test, as the air-furnace had not been well constructed.

ed to a comparison of the expense of the Some time ago, our attention was directtwo forms of power in the village of Low

the Union. The expense of Steam to Water was said to be as 100 to 125.

any other vessels, simply by projecting the pipe from the wall a foot or so, bending it downwards, and making a coil, and return- We have since often had this subject in ing it upwards and back to the wall. The mind, in reference to the more improved high temperature of the water circulating use of steam, and particularly to the econwithin the pipe, will casue that in any ves-omy of the rotary engine of Avery. sel placed under it to boil rapidly. It is hardly necessary to state that the pipe, after lected some of the more prominent disad Pursuing the comparison, we have colrunning and coiling in the partitions of the vantages of the usual hydraulic system, and rooms to be heated, returns into itself some-the corresponding advantage of steam power. what below the level of the fire; so that the water which has given off part of its right, over and above the value of the ground The first item of cost is that of the water heat, being denser than that which has butas increased by any other advantages of lojust passed through the fire, gravitates with cality. This expense is in no case trifling, greater power, and forces up the other, and and sometimes is positively erermous. thus keeps up a constant circulation. Your There is of course no corresponding item correspondent will find these various meth-of expenditure in the use of steam, an enods detailed at length, in those volumes of gine working as well on the top of a hill the Loudon Mechanics' Magazine, and the as in the bottom of a valley. London Journal of Arts and Sciences, published since 1827, which volumes he may get from Francis' Library, under Peale's Museum.

At this moment, while I am writing, I have a smoke coming from an air-furnace flue in the corner of my room; by which I am prompted to censure the quackery of the unscientific persons who make these things in such a way that they get filled with dirt, and do not give you a chance to clean them, or remove the oxidised pipe, without pulling down a great quantity of brick-work. The one I have, though economical in respect to fuel, is a nuisance in all other respects, and was still worse before I made a better arrangement of the smoke-pipe, which the stupid constructor had run, after an ascent of two and a half feet, horizontally, for eighteen feet, to its insertion into the kitchen chimney, the other hydraulic works. This is often much 2d. The outlay upon wheels, dams, and large fire-place of which was open immedigreater than would be necessary for the ately under it. Though I consider it for the general good, and therefore for every man's It may be well to mention that Mr. Per--that is, we are to erect works to support average pressure, provided it were constant particular interest, to be rather gentle inkins is an American, and perhaps has a pa- much more water than we have supplied censuring the well intended blunders of tent right in this country. There are other through three quarters of the half-ingenious, and wholly unlearned men, modifications of the hot water principle in-ets, &c. are to be provided against, at an inyear. Freshyet the number of these nuisances, so ex-vented by Englishmen, and therefore not creased cost. It is well known that in some pensive at first, and so liable to get out of patented here, and which the laws of honor locations the provision for such contingenorder, and so difficult to repair, is so rapidly will allow us to use freely, so long as thecies is no small portion of the whole capiincreasing, that I feel bourd to give my legal enactments restricting commerce in tal employed. feeble evidence against all that I have ever the products of genius and industry in the seen of them. The fundamental principle two countries are allowed to remain in on which they are made, is good; but in force. their construction all simplicity is eschewed, as if complication and multitude of parts were a proof of genius, and not strong presumptive evidence of the want of it. The only arrangement on this principle that I whether the heat from water pipes is suffi

Your obt. servt.,
J. K. F.

equal, that is to be compared with the cost It is this expense, other things being of an engine, and the comparison is favorable to the latter.

New-York, June 4, 1836.
3d. After every precaution, damages from
floods are of constant occurrence, and their
NOTE. I had almost forgotten the ques-repair is exceedingly costly.

remember to have seen, that is free from cient for the coldest weather in our win-producing a stoppage from the too great 4th, The delay caused by freshets, &c., the objections Just enumerated, was a sim-ters? There will be no difficulty on that supply of power.

5th. The delay in seasons of drought, when the supply is insufficient.

(The exhaust steam pipe of this engine is over 300 feet long.)

These last are most vexatious occurren- One of the greatest advantages of steam. ces, preventing work often times when power, in many cases, is, that it admits of most is to be done, and the uncertainty ari-change of locality, without injury to the sing from the possibility of such delays and machinery, and often with beneft to the accidents, is a constant care to the mana-employer.

ger of such an establishment, whereas to In this respect again Avery's Engine the consumer of steam, the perfect certain- stands pre-eminent. The machinery ist ty of the amount and regularity of the sup-beautifully compact, and consequently porply of power is a great auxiliary in conduc- table. An engine of 15 horse power is ting business.

For a steam engine, the only use of water is a sufficiency for the boiler; and in these days of economy of heat and steam, a very small quantity of fuel is used, and but little water. We have seen a rotary engine, estimated at 15 horse power, evaporating but 40 gallons per hour.

AGRICULTURE, &c.

From the Genesee Farmer. BRIEF HINTS FOR SPRING WORK.-Apply manure to corn and potato crops, and not to grain crops.

Let manure be buried as soon as possible after spreading.

When rotted or fermented manure is applied, let it be as thoroughly mixed with the soil as possible.

Wheat thrown out of the ground by frost,

hardly a lead for a horse, the whole weigh-should be pressed in again by passing a ing less than 600 pounds.

Let us suppose, that a man purchases a piece of timber land, of prime quality, but unfortunately (as is thought) away from any water course.

Let him procure an Avery's Engine; and this, connected with his saw mill, can be 6th, Delay in winter, and in our uncerplaced upon wheels and moved, by the entain climate this may sometimes be consid-gine itself, if he pleases, to any part of his erable, and in an establishment of great extent perhaps fatal.

roller over it.

Ploughing heavy soils when wet, does more injury than if the team were standing idle.

In ploughing green sward deeply, the fur. rows must always be at least one half wider than deep, else the sods will not turn well.

New meadows should now be rolled. All grain fields seeded to grass should be rolled.

Barley should be sown as early as possi land. (Mills capable of such an arrange-ble, upon a light and moderately moist soil, ment, and very compact, are now easily to at the rate of one and a half to two bushels to be procured.) per acre, according to the size of the seed. A roller should be passed over it as soon as it is harrowed, to press the soil around it, and smooth the field.

To balance all these expenses, peculiar Let him locate his mill near a spring, and to the use of hydraulic power, there is, as far as we can recollect, but one peculiar to commence operations. The waste and rubbish, that in most cases is a drug, is enthat of steam, namely, fuel. Now in saw mills this expense is nothing, and in all in-tirely consumed by the engine; the ground stances much less than formerly. is cleared, and nothing is to be removed but the perfectly formed timber.

Our persevering countryman, Dr. Nott. has already succeeded in greatly reducing

Among other useful applications of such an engine, in the forest itself, no one can

Barley seed may be freed from intermixed oats by pouring water upon it, when the oats will float, and be skimmed off.

Oats require strong rich soil, good cul. ture, and early sowing.

Preserved leached and unleached ashes which have accumulated during the win

this item of cost-and he does not yet ap-be equal in beauty of operation to the valu.ter, to be applied to corn in the hill.

pear to be satisfied.

As regards fuel, Avery's Engine has immense advantages over others, inasmuch as the quantity of water used is less than in any other case. The elasticity of the steam operates more advantageously than in any other construction, the small quantity of water used being a proof of this.

In the engine above referred to, the cost for coal was rather less than $1 for ten hours. It is almost needless to observe that, in

able stave machine of Philip Cornell, N. Y. (A drawing and description of this machine will be found upon the next page.) This machine promises to be of great ser of the saw mill above mentioned, nearly if vice. With such an arrangement as that not quite double the usual number of staves can be cut from the timber before transportation, and these are already dressed and ready for use, either for liquids or solids. These are only a few of the very many many large establishments, manufactories.useful applications of this sort of traveling &c., the appl cation of a portion of the machines. Others will suggest themselves steam to heating, &c., nearly, if not quite, compensates the cost of fuel. The certainty and uniformity of this method of drying goods, have fully established its superiority. Indeed, in the art of dyeing. certain colors owe their brilliancy to the rapid and high heat of steam, and they could be produced in no other way. While speaking of this

use of steam, we must notice an engine erected in the ASTOR HOTEL. This is a small engine of 5 horse power; its use is to pump water from the different cisterns to all parts of the house-supply the baths with hot and cold water-clean knivesbrush shoes-roast and grind coffee; and the steam cooks the various dishes in the kitchen, and also dries the clothes, which by this method of proceeding are ready for use with unprecedented despatch.

to our readers.

It must be very evident that, whatever brings into use property of little or no value, enabling the produce of such land to compere successfully with that of much better, must add to the wealth of the landholder,

or timber merchant, a sum equal to the cost

of the best land.

Thus a greater uniformity of value would result, and of consequence a more equal competency to those on or away from great! water courses and canals.

Our object is to draw attention to this question, and we should be much gratified if any of our friends would furnish us with such information on the subject as they may have at their command.

This information from various quarters, To these and numberless other uses is when collected, might furnish results equalthis engine turned, saving an immense num-ly useful and interesting-and we shall feel ber of servants, a great quantity of fuel, and most happy in becoming the medium of their communication to the public.

a vast deal of time.

Different varieties of melons and squashes distance, in order to prevent intermixing and crossing.

should be planted at the greatest possible

Loosen the soil with a spade round fruit trees growing in grass land.

Examine the roots of peach trees and remove all the grubs. Their presence is shown by the gum oozing out.

The last Albany Cultivator says-" Mr. Asa Carter, of Champion, Jefferson Co., tured by his daughter, who never saw a silk has shown us a specimen of silk manufac

worm, nor a silk reel, till last summer.
This is a pretty good evidence that there is
no great art or mystery in managing silk
worms.'
29

One pound of potash dissolved in two quarts of water and applied to trees, will effectually destroy the bark louse, &c.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE VELOCITY AND LOAD OF THE ENGINES.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE VELOCITY AND LOAD OF THE ENGINES.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE VELOCITY AND LOAD OF THE ENGINES.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE VELOCITY AND LOAD OF THE ENGINES.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE VELOCITY AND LOAD OF THE ENGINES.

Inclination
of

the road.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE VELOCITY AND LOAD OF THE ENGINES.

Inclination
of

the road.

1
descent 4257
28.16 t. descent
5
ascent
ascent
33.15 t. ascent

1360
1

1064