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3. Smelting furnaces where charcoal is used as a fuel.

nomy observed in the Scotch works, where || may require the hot air blast to drive off the || machine prevented a due supply of heated the heated air blast has been introduced. It bitumen before they reach the boshes, while air, and the daily yield of the furnace was was generally believed in this country, as others may not need such aid.* decreased. late as 1833, that the hot air blast was indispensable to the use of the fat varieties of coal, without cokeing. It was known that certain dry bituminous coals might be used as fuel, even without admixture with coke, and without heating the blast, as is still practised in Wales.

In some of the English furnaces, on account of the cakeing of the coal, or of its containing a considerable proportion of sulphur, coke is still used with the hot air blast. In one of the Welsh works, they partly coke the coal, and with good effect; a hint which may, perhaps, be improved upon here.

The following observations on the use of coal, of different qualities, with the common blast, have been collected.

I have been informed that there are several works in Franche-Comte, where they These furnaces requiring a less draught, heat the air blast from the trunnel head. and being lower than those for coke, are pe- They have a greater daily yield, and conculiarly well adapted for placing the heating sume less fuel than formerly, but state that apparatus at the trunnel head. At Wasseral- the working of the furnace is not so regular fingen, the pipes are nearly vertical, and pass as before. This, probably, depends upon from the lower part of the furnace to the some defect in their construction, since it platform, and back again to the tuyeres; at certainly is not a usual accompaniment of Ancy-le-Franc they are nearly horizontal, the hot air blast. and directly above the trunnel head. An At Hayange, (Moselle,) a furnace twenapparatus formed of curved pipes, passing ty-six feet in height, and using charcoal, in an arched form over the trunnel head, was supplied with the hot air blast. By has been proposed by Mr. Taylor, but ap-means of an apparatus like that used at pears not to be as durable as that just re- Wasseralfingen, the air was raised to 6129 ferred to. Fahr., and even above this point. The The experience of several years has area of the blast pipe was doubled, and the A carbonate of iron was advantageously proved that the heat of the combustible mat-pressure slightly diminished. The charge smelted at Vizille,* with a mixture of coke, ters which take fire on issuing from the of ore was increased from 430 lbs. for 224 and of very compact anthracite, with the trunnel head, and of the other gaseous mat- cubic feet of charcoal, to 680 lbs. The cold air blast. The high price of the coke ters, will raise the temperature of the blast same number of charges were made per rendered the manufacture unprofitable. It to 570° Fah. To this method of heating, day, and the gain resulted only from the inhas been found, at Creusot, that raw coal several objections have been made; first, crease of ore in each charge. The heating could be mixed with the coke used, in the tnat in a well constructed furnace, the air apparatus has required no repairs since its proportion of fifty per cent. of the whole fu- issuing at the trunnel head should not be at establishment a year ago. In another furel, without injury to the quality of the iron, as high a temperature as that required for nace, at the same place, the heating appaand without diminution in its quantity. At the blast. This objection is not founded ratus having given way, the cold air blast Decazeville, M. Coste found that all the on observation, for, besides the heated gases was resumed at an additional expense of neighboring coals could be used with the which escape, and which do not burn, there twelve per cent. of charcoal, per ton of iron. cold air blast, and the furnaces there, as are combustible ones escaping which take well as at Firmy, have since used no other fire at the trunnel head, and give out heat fuel, except when it was necessary to work by their combustion. It is a well known up the fine coal. The same weight of raw fact, that, in many works in France and coal is now used as was formerly of coke. Germany, the heat which would, otherwise, The pig iron has not deteriorated in quality, be lost, is applied to various useful purposes. and the daily yield is the same as before, A second objection is, that this mode of At Plons, in Switzerland, they have used namely, about five tons. In all these heating is dependent upon the proper work- the hot air blast to advantage, the fuel becases, there is an advantage resulting from ing of the furnace, and may fail at the very ing a mixture of wood and charcoal. Each the less quantity of earthy matters in the time that heat is required to remove an ob- charge consists of 81 lbs. of charcoal, nearly charges, than when coke is used; it has struction in the furnace, from the effect of half being from hard, and the rest from rebeen found at Decazeville, that they require the very obstruction which is to be removed.sinous wood, and 198 lbs. of pine wood, but half the quantity of flux used with coke, This difficulty is easily obviated by burning which would have yielded 48 lbs. of light when raw coal is substituted for it. a few faggots in the flues containing the air charcoal; of 220 lbs. of ore containing 51 pipes, when extra heat is required. per cent. of iron, and 60 lbs. of an argillaceous flux. From 18 charges they obtain, in twelve hours, 20,196 lbs. of pig iron. The economy is reckoned at about 33 per cent.

A fact of an opposite kind was presented at Alais, where an attempt to mix raw coal with coke was unsuccessful, the yield of the furnace being sensibly diminished when the coal was but one sixth of the charge. The coal appears, nevertheless, to be well adapted to this purpose.

At several of the furnaces, such as Terre Noire, &c., coke made from the fine coal is cheaper than the coarse coal, and no advantage can be realised by the use of raw coal.

In regard to the different kinds of coal, it has been observed that those which cake too much, or which fly to pieces, are both ill adapted to use in the smelting furnace. As to other varieties, they may be used either with or without admixture of coke. others may work well with cold air. Some The question as to whether the hot air blast is, or is not, necessary, seems to be undecided, observations being contradictory. It is possible that some kinds of coal may render the use of the hot air blast advantageous, or even absolutely require it, while

For an account of these important experiments, see this Journal, vol. xv., p. 346.

In 1835, it is stated that the same furnaces run stons per twenty-four hours.

It is stated in a German journal,* that. by heating the air from a hydraulic blowing machine, by an apparatus at the trunnel head of a furnace, a saving of twenty-five per cent. of fuel had resulted. The air was heated to 480° Fah.

In fact, this apparatus has proved generally satisfactory, requiring neither additional fuel, nor attendance. The exterior of the tubes should be cleaned about every fortnight, to remove dust, and other matters, These results are more satisfactory than which would impede the communication of those furnished by charcoal, alone, and cold heat. The cleansing of the long horizon-air, or even than those afforded by charcoal tal pipes, such as are used at Torteron, is an inconvenient matter.

It may be well to repeat, here, the results obtained by the hot air blast at Wasseralfingen. At a cost only of the construction and repairs of the heating apparatus, the daily yield of the furnace was increased thirty-nine per cent.; the quality of the iron, for casting, was not deteriorated; and the consumption of fuel was diminished from 1 to .61. The temperature of the air was from 390° to 400° Fah.

At Ancy-le-Franc, the consumption of charcoal per ton of iron was diminished twenty per cent., while the iron was improved for castings. The air was heated to 570°. The want of power of the blowing

*It is stated that, at Frederiekshutte, in Silesia, a successful attempt has been made to smelt with raw coal as a fuel, and with the cold air blast. The coal does not cake readily.-[Erdman's Chemn. Journ.]

and the hot air blast. So successful are
they considered, that a saw mill has been es-
tablished to cut the wood to the required size.
* Erdman's Journal, vol. xviii., p. 340, 1833.
(To be continued.)

FOSSIL TREE. In the quarry from which
stones are at present being taken for the
new church erecting at the Milton of Bal-
gonie, was lately discovered a large fossil
tree. It is lying nearly horizontal, and is
as yet attached by about two thirds of its
circumference to the sandstone. It is about
feet of it are at present visible. As it tapers
fifteen inches in diameter, and about seven
slowly to the outer end, the portion still un-
discovered is probably considerable. It is
wholly composed of white sandstone similar
to that in which it is imbedded. This quar-
ry is remarkably rich in vegetable impres-
sions. Casts or marks of palm trees are to
be found in great beauty and abundance.
[Sunderland Herald.]

AGRICULTURE, &c.

From Hovey's Horticultural Magazine. RESULTS OF THE CULTURE FO SOME OF THE NEW VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES, RECENTLY INTRODUCED INTO THIS COUNTRY; WITH THE METHOD ADOPTED.—BY THE

HON. E. VOSE.

A good many persons having attempted the cultivation of the new large growing kinds of strawberries, with very various success, I will, agreeably to your request, state the results of my own experiments with some of them, and of which you have, I believe, seen specimens of the fruit, which have at different times been exhibited at the Horticultural Shows.

also to prevent the attack of slugs, as they || desirable object of cultivation to a certain cannot pass over it.

After the fruit season had passed, the grass was removed, and the vines were permitted to extend themselves, and such of the runners as had not been used, were dug in before covering in the autumn, so as to keep the stools entirely distinct.

The flavor of this variety being equal to the smaller sorts,and the flesh finer and more delicate than any of larger ones, it is, on all accounts, entitled to a preference over any of the new varieties which I have cultivated.

It is important, however, with the Downton, in making a bed, that the runners be all taken from fruitful plants, bearing, as it does, its staminate and pistillate flowers on different roots; there is danger of obtaining some that are called males, which are entirely useless, and exhaust the soil to no pur. pose; and, as they are not weakened by the production of fruit, the runners extend themselves much more rapidly than the others, It is not long since, that, in England, it was thought necessary, in planting, to apportion one sterile to about ten fruitful plants; but this opinion is exploded, and now all but the fruitful ones are carefully avoided; nor is it necessary to wait for the flower to determine them; the difference is perceptible in the foliage, that of the sterile being much more rank and coarse.

Wood Strawberry. This old variety has excellent properties: if well cultivated, a greater crop may be obtained from the same space than of any other kind: the period of its ripening is of long duration: it may be cultivated with as little labor, and it will produce well for three successive years, on beds running into mats. With this, as with all other fruits, the red is of higher flavor than thewhite.

Alpine. This old variety may be managed very similarly to the Wood: it has been sometimes recommended to cultivate it by seed, as a preferable mode to using the runners, but it is believed without much reason. I once attempted it with the White Alpine without runners; the seed, thought to be very choice, was received from the Horticultural Society of Paris. The plants were brought forward in a frame, and at a proper period they were transplanted; the stools enlarge themselves by offsets, and, like all this variety, it continued bearing till into autumn. Its extremely long and slen. der fruit had nothing peculiar in its flavor, nor did it seem to be worthy of cultivation, farther than as a matter of variety.

extent. The question has often been agi. This was properly the first bearing year, tated, as to the comparative merits of these and nothing could look finer than the vines new large varieties, with some of the older when in fruit; the crop was abundant; and smaller ones. With all the smaller many of the berries were of the coxcomb fruits, size and appearance certainly weigh form, and some of them assuming circular a great deal in the estimate of their value; and fanciful shapes, with the calyx nearly and almost every cultivator would be de invisible in the centre. sirous of growing a proportion of the fine large sorts; and, with proper management, they would unquestionably well repay him; still it is not to be denied that they require to be treated with a good deal more care and attention than the small ones to expect success. Of the latter kinds, I have made trial The next year, the stools having increas of several varieties, among which the ed in size, the quantity of fruit was greater Early Virginia, or Early Scarlet, is a The Downton, or Knight's Seedling.-in proportion; the berries, however, were valuable one it is of fine flavor, produces a This variety, almost every one knows, was much more generally conical in shape. The||fair crop, and, as it serves to lengthen out produced from seed, by the venerable Mr. third season, which was the last, the product the season of this delicious fruit, it is well Knight, President of the London Horticultu- was fully equal to the previous one. worthy of cultivation. It comes into bearing ral Society; and first introduced to notice in ten days earlier than any other variety. this country, I believe, by S. G. Perkins, Esq. The soil upon which my strawberry plat is situated, is constituted of a light mellow loam, resting upon a sandy sub-soil; some. what sheltered from the north-west. In the latter part of August, suitable preparation having been made, old rotten manure, to the depth of three inches, was turned in to the full depth of the spade; and the beds lined out, so as to leave the rows twenty inches asunder, and the plants fourteen inches from each other in the rows, placed in the quincuncial order. Before the severe frosts set in, they were covered slightly with leaves, and a little old manure thrown on top to prevent their being blown away. Scarcely a plant suffered through the winter, and the first year, the stools consisting of single plants, the quantity of fruit was small; many of the berries were, however, quite large, and of the coxcomb shape. The next season the stools had become well established; and in April the leaves and manure, with which they had been covered, were pointed in, and the beds dressed. When coming into bloom, and before the fruit had set, the spaces between the rows, and beIt is desirable, in a private garden, to make tween the stools, were wholly covered with new bed annually, which will enable the newly mowed grass, cut from the banks and cultivator to turn in an old one at the same the turf edges round the walks. This was time, and still keep up a succession; as the used as a substitute for, and in preference to strawberry is a great exhauster of the soil, straw; it is more easily arranged about the Keen's Seedling. This has succeeded the ground occupied by the old bed should stools; and it is readily obtained, as it is re-well; it is a good bearer, and of fine flavor; be appropriated to some other crop. quired about the period, when you wish to not quite equal to the Downton in either Some distinguished cultivators have recrop the banks the first time. "Grass cut point; but its large, dark rich berries are al-commended burning the vines; in the spring from lawns," is recently recommended in together a beautiful fruit, and it well deserves they put on a covering of dry straw, an inch Loudon's Magazine for the same purpose; cultivation. in thickness, and set on fire different poralthough it is not many years since, that Sir The last season, an individual at East tions of the same bed at three different pe. Joseph Banks advised a return to the old Cambridge produced an abundant crop, and riods. It is said to lengthen out the suc practice of the use of straw, (from which larger fruit than I have ever before seen of cession of the crop, and that the product is this fruit has derived its name,) as prefer- this variety; whilst other persons, experi- much larger. I have had no experience in able to the many contrivances of trenches enced cultivators too, have given up this, as this practice. The results of the exertions between the rows, boards laid lengthwise, well as the Downton, after a trial, for want which have been made in this vicinity with and tiles, which had been substituted for the of success. In the cases of failure, there in a few years to improve the cultivation of same object. seems, to have been one radical error; that this fruit, are very apparent, as seen in the is, the plants have been placed upon strong, increased quantities which the market of the rich garden soils, and often somewhat moist: metropolis affords, as well as in the introwhether such soils are too adhesive to per- duction from England of those large and mit the fibres sufficiently to extend them- splendid varieties, which, till very recently, selves, or the nutriment which the plant ab- were unknown, even in that country; and sorbs, be unfit to form the basis of fruit, is a when it is recollected that the English catamatter of mere theory, which is of no im-logues now contain over one hundred disportance, so long as the facts which the re-tinct varieties, and that they are constantly sults exhibit are before us, and which have increasing, and that such are the facilities been, as far as my own observations have with which new and valuable fruits are now extended to such situations, a profusion of obtained from abroad, it may reasonably be foliage, but little or no fruit. expected that the number of choice varieties Methven Castle, or Methven Scarlet.-will not only be augmented, but that the peThis strawberry, more hardy than any of riod is not distant, when a fruit, which is the large kinds, is very prolific; but the as universally a favorite as it is simple and fruit is somewhat spongy in the centre, and harmless in the use, will be produced inquanit has not the fine flavor of some other sorts; tities more commensurate with the wants of still the magnificent appearance of its enor- the community. mously large globular berries, renders it a

As it is possible that every person who may be about planting a strawberry bed, may not be aware of the uses of the grass, I will allude to them. In the first place, it protects the plants against drought, by shading their roots from the sun's rays, and also by resisting the escape of the moisture, which would otherwise evaporate into the atmosphere. Of all the large sorts, the scapes, or stems, are too feeble to support the fruit, when ripe, in an upright position, consequently all that which grows on the outside of the stools falls into the soil, and is, of course, spoiled; heavy showers, too, beat up the soil over much of the fruit, and make it gritty. When the beds are dressed in the spring, it is desirable not to disturb them till the crop is gathered, and the grass serves to keep the weeds down. It is said

Wilmot's Superb. This variety, which
has excited so much admiration in Europe,
treated in the same mode as the Downton,
(I have, in fact, employed the same method
with all the large sorts which I have attempt-a
ed to cultivate,) was abandoned, after the
second year; the product being so small as
not to warrant farther trial.

Dorchester, Feb. 15, 1836)

E. VOSE.

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From the New-York Farmer.

The above engraving represents a threshing machine and horse power, invented by Mr. John Shaw, of Augusta, in the county of Kennebeck, and State of Maine, which, taking them on all accounts, are, perhaps, to be preferred to any other invention of the kind. They certainly appear to be less liable to disorder; the horse power embracing no complicated gearing, but doing the whole business with a strap and wheel; and the threshing part of the establishment is at least as simple and operative as any we have seen: and, what is a farther recommendation, we believe they cost less than any other in use.

A threshing machine, with a horse power

Mr. Fairman, whose mechanical talents are not surpassed, to say the least, by those of any other man in this State. There is now building one calculated to cut twelve acres of grass or grain per day, and to be operated and managed by one horse and boy, without any other assistance. The grass will be spread by the machine, and the grain left in swarths for raking and binding.in

There are many farmers who have a few acres of meadow so formed by nature as, perhaps, to render this machine forever useless on them; and there are others who cannot afford the time and labor to remove a few stones, and render their meadows smooth. Both these classes will probably condemn, or at least ridicule the use of a mowing machine. But there is a large number, and the proportion is rapidly increasing, who possess large tracts of both grass and grain land, who will decide very differently, and it is fortunate that this class of gentlemen possess not only the disposition but the means to encourage such an improvement. But though a large proportion of the lands east of the Alleghany, where this machine will be highly useful, still the maximum of its usefulness will be on the western prairies, where, with a strong team of two or more horses, it will prove the most efficient pioneer that ever smoothed the surface of a new country. We cannot but hope that an invention of so much promise will receive from the public a fair and candid trial, and the reward it merits.

After the author had finished his experiments, it was gratifying to him to be informed that some manufacturers estimate A model of a machine for the above pur-plan which has hitherto been exhibited, and Hence there seems to be a pretty near copetent judges, to be superior to any other lent in value to about two pounds of Irish. one pound of Virginian tobacco equivapose was exhibited last fall,at the Fair of the Capt. W., who is himself a practical far-incidence between their results and those Mechanics' Institute in this city, by the in- mer, has tested it by sufficient experiments ventor, Capt. Alexander Wilson, of Rhine- to give him perfect confidence in its suc- derived from a chemical examination. bec, from which model the above engraving cess. He is now having the machines built [Proceedings of the British Association: was taken. It was pronounced by many, for actual use, at the machine shop of Mr. Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag., vol. vii., who, we have reason to suppose, were com- Fuller, in Waterford, under the direction of p. 391.]

PROSPECTUS

OF VOL. II. OF THE

CHICAGO AMERICAN,

TO BE PUBLISHED SEMI-WEEKLY.

In proposing to establish a SEMI-WEEKLY paper under the old title, but wi h extended dimensions, the subscriber acknowledges the favors of the past, and solicits the continued patronage of a liberal public. The reasons that induced him about a year since to establish his weekly paper, operate with renewed and increasing force in favor of his present design. He shall endeavor, as it was originally intended, to make his paper American in all things; and by identifying itself with the interests and circumstances of Chicagowhich from a recent wilderness has advanced to a population of thirty-five hundred-and of the rich, extensive, and rapidly developing country of which it is the emporium, he hopes it may "grow with their growth, and strengthen with their strength."

GEORGIA RAILROAD & BANKING COMPANY.
NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS.

THE NEWCASTLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, incorporated by the State of Delaware, with a capital of 200,000 dollars, are prepared to exSEALED Proposals will be received at this office, be-ecute in the first style and on liberal terms, at their tween the 1st and 3d of June next, for laying the su- extensive Finishing Shops and Foundries for Brass perstructure on 50 miles of the Georgia Railroad-all and Iron, situated in the town of Newcastle, Delaware, materials to be furnished by the Company. all orders for LOCOMOTIVE and other Steam EnThe first ten miles to be commenced by the 10th of gines, and for CASTINGS of every description in, September, and completed by the 15th January next-Brass or Iron. RAILROAD WORK of all kinds the remainder of the line MUST BE finished on or be- finished in the best manner, and at the shortest nofore the 1st of May, 1837. tice.

Plans and Specifications of the work, may be seen,
and all other information obtained on application at
the office, one week previous to the letting.
J. EDGAR THOMSON, Chief Eng'r.
Engineer's Office, Augusta, Geo.
April, 2d, 1836.

TO CONTRACTORS.

12-4t.

Sealed proposals for the graduation, bridging and superstructure of the JACKSON and BRANDON RAILROAD: for the erection of a BRIDGE over Pearl river, As a record of passing events, current literature, of the march of agriculture, commerce and manufactures, and the remaining incidental work necessary to the and especially of the progress of internal improve completion of said road, will be received at the Railthe act for the construction of the "Illinois and Mi-fice, and the necessary explanations given, by the As ments, of which this State, by her recent passage of road Office in Jackson, until the 10th of May next. Plans and specifications will be exhibited at the of chigan Canal," has commenced her great and auspicious system, it will aim, as ever, to be accurately and sistant Engineer upon the line, one weck previous to the letting. early informed, and thus endeavor to consult alike the tastes and wants of the community with which it is identified. With party, as generally understood, it will have as little to do as possible. Its politics will be the Constitution-its party, the Country.

With this brief explanation of his future course, and his thanks for the more than expected encouragement he has already received, the subscriber again ventures to solicit the continued patronage and extended support of all who may feel an interest in the principles here set forth.

It will be enlarged and otherwise greatly improved, and printed on superior paper, and forwarded to distant subscribers by the earliest mails, enveloped in a strong wrapper.

TERMS. The AMERICAN will be published SEMIWEEKLY, at $4 per annum, if paid at the time of subscribing; $5 if paid at the expiration of six months, or $6 if payment is delayed to the end of the year.

** Any person procuring five subscribers and re. mitting the pay in advance, will be entitled to a sixth copy gratis, or a deduction of TEN PER CENT.

Persons at a distance remitting a $5 bill will receive the paper fifteen months.

**All sums to the amount of $10 and upwards may be sent through the Post Office, at my expense.

Chicago, March 25, 1836.

THOS. O. DAVIS.

Subscriptions and advertisements for the CHI-
CAGO AMERICAN will be received at the Office of the
Railroad Journal, No. 132 Nassau street, by
D. K. MINOR.

CHICAGO LOTS.

Notice is hereby given, that on the 20th day of June next, at the Town of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, the following described Property will be sold at Public Auction, to wit:

All the unsold Town Lots in the original Town of Chicago; and also the Town Lots on fractional Section Number Fifteen, in the Township Number Thirty-Nine, North of Range Fourteen, East of the third principal Meridian, adjoining the said Town of Chicago. The sale will commence on the said 20th day of June, and will be continued from day to day, until all the Property has been offered for sale or disposed of. This property is held by the State of Illinois for canal purposes, and is offered for sale in conformity to the provision of a Statute Law of the said State, authorizing such a sale. The terms of sale are one fourth of the purchase money to be paid in advance at the time of sale, and the residue in three annual instalments, bearing ar. interest of six per centum per annum, payable annually in advance.

Those who are unacquainted with the situation of the above mentioned Property, are informed that those Lots which are described as belonging to the original Town of Chicago, are situated in the best built and business part of the Town. Section Fifteen is a dry ridge, commencing near the harbor, and extending south, one mile, along the shore of Lake Michigan.

By order of the Board of Commissioners of the Ib.
nois and Michigan Canal.
Attest,
Chicago, March 17, 1836.

JOEL MANNING,
Treasurer to said Board.
13-8t

STEPHENSON,
Builder of a superior style of Passenger Cars for Rail-
road.

No. 264 Elizabeth street, near Bleecker street,
New-York.

RAILROAD COMPANIES would do well to examine these Cars; a specimen of which may be seen on that part of the New York and Harlem Railroad now in operation. J25

It is expected that testimonials of characters, &c.
will accompany the propositions of those who are not
personally known to the Agent, and the Company re-
serve the right of rejecting any bids not deemed to
their advantage.
W. PETRIE, Chief Eng. & Agent.
J. & B. R. R. & B. Co.
Jackson, Mi. March 15, 1836.
12--3t.

ALBANY EAGLE AIR FURNACE AND
MACHINE SHOP.
WILLIAM V. MANY manufactures to order,
IRON CASTINGS for Gearing Mills and Factories of
every description.

ALSO-Steam Engines and Railroad castings of
every description.

The collection of Patterns for Machinery, is not
equalled in the United States.
9-ly

NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS FOR EXCAVA

TION AND EMBANKMENT.
Proposals will be received at the Office of the
Munroe Railroad Company, Macon, Geo., between
the 19th and 21st of May next, for Excavating and
Embanking the whole of the Railroad from Macon to
Forsyth, a distance of 25 miles, embracing much
heavy graduation.

For further information, apply to

DANIEL GRIFFIN,
Resident Engineer.
J. EDGAR THOMSON,
C. Engineer.

Macon, March 28th, 1836.

11-5t

PATENT RAILROAD, SHIP AND
BOAT SPIKES.

The Troy Iron an! Nail Factory keeps constantly
for sale a very extensive a-sortment of Wrought Spikes
and Nails, from 3 to 10 inches, manufactured by the sub
cessful operation, and now almost universal use in the
scriber's Patent Machinery, which after five years suc.
United States, (as well as England, where the subscriber
obtained a patent,) are found superior to any ever offered
in market.

Railroad Companies may be supplied with Spikes hav
ing countersink heads suitable to the holes in iron rails.
to any amount and on s ort notice. Almost all the Rail-
roads now in progress in the United States are fastened
with Spikes made at the above named factory-for which
purpose they are found invaluable, as their adhesion is
more than double any common spikes made by the har-
be punctually attended to.
All orders directed to the Agent, Troy, N. Y., will
HENRY BURDEN, Agent.

mer

Troy, N. Y., July, 1881.

Orders to be addressed to
MR. EDWARD A. G. YOUNG,
Superintendent, at Newcastle, Delaware.
feb 20-ytf

TO CONTRACTORS.
NOTICE is hereby given to all persons who may
feel disposed to take Contracts on the Illinois and
Michigan Canal, that the Board of Commissioners
have determined to commence that work as early in
the spring as circumstances vil permit. The En-
gineers will commence their surveys about the 10th
of March, and will have several Sections ready for
contract by the first of May. It is therefore expected
that definite proposals will be received from that date
to the first of June. In the mean time the Board in-

vite an early inspection of that part of the route to
Chicago, and will afford any information that may
be required of them.

All communications will be addressed to "The
Board of Commissioners of the Illinois and Michi-
gan Canal, at Chicago."
By order of the Board.
JOEL MANNING, Secretary

[blocks in formation]

Gold-mining Shovels

do plated Spades

do socket Shovels and Spades.

Together with Pick Axes, Churn Drills, and Crow
Bars (steel pointed), manufactured from Salisbury re-
fined Iron-for sale by the manufacturing agents,
WITHERELL, AMES & CO.

No. 2 Liberty street, New-York.
BACKUS, AMES & CO.
No. 8 State street, Albany.
N. B.-Also furnished to order, Shapes of every de-
scription, made from Salisbury refined Iron. 4-ytf
ARCHIMEDES WORKS.

(100 North Moor st. N. 1.)

NEW YORK, February 12th, 1836. The undersigned begs leave to inform the proprietors of Railroads that they are prepared to furnish all kinds of Machinery for Railroads, Locomotive Engines of any size, Car Wheels, such as are now in suecessful operation on the Camden and Amboy Railroad, none of which have failed--Castings of all kinds, Wheels, Axles, and Boxes, furnished at shortest no tice. H. R. DUNHAM & CO. 4-ytf

800 800

RAILWAY IRON.

95 tons of 1 inch by inch, FLAT BARS in lengths 200 do. 1 dɔ. do. of 14 to 15 feet, counter 40 do. 1 do. do. sunk holes, ends cut at do. 2 do. do. an angle of 45 degrees, do. 2 do. # do. with splicing plates and soon expected. nails to suit. 250 do. of Edge Rails of 36 lbs. per yard, with the requisite chairs, keys and pins.

rought Iron Rims of 30, 33, and 36 inches diame ter for Wheels of Railway Cars, and of 60 inches diameter for Locomotive Wheels.

Axles of 24, 24, 21, 3, 31, $4 and 34 inches in diameter, For Railway Cars and Locomotives, of patent iron. The above will be sold free of duty, to State Governments and Incorporated Governments, and the drawback Spikes are kept for sale, at factory prices, by I. & taken in part payment. A. & G. RALSTON, 9 South Front street, Philadelphia. Townsend, Albany, and the principal Iron Merchants Models and samples of all the different kinds of Rails, in Albany and Troy; J. I. Brower, 222 Water street, NewYork; A. M. Jones, Philadelphia; T. Janviers, Balti-Chairs, Pins, Wedges, Spikes, and Splicing Plates, in use more; Degrand & Smith, Boston. both in this country and Great Britain, will be exhibited to 4-d7 1 meowr those disposed to examine them.

P. S.-Railroad Companies would do well to forward
their orders as early as practicable, as the subscriber is
desirous of extending the manufacturing so as to keep pace
with the daily increasing demand for his Spikes.
1J23am
H. BURDEN.
RAILROAD CAR WHEELS AND
BOXES, AND OTHER RAILROAD
CASTINGS.

Also, AXLES furnished and fitted to wheeis com

plete at the Jefferson Cotton and Wool Machine Factory

and Foundry, Paterson, N. J. All orders addressed to the
subscribers at Paterson, or 60 Wall street, New-York,
will be promptly at nded to.
Also, CAR SPRINGS.

Also, Flange Tires, turned complete.

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TO BRIDGE BUILDERS. Sealed Proposals will be received, until the 15th of April, for finding materials and building the superstructure of a bridge, over Harlem Creek and flats, on the New York and Harlem Railroad.

Said Bridge to be on the late improvement of Mr. Town, 24 feet wide in the clear, and 660 feet long between the abutments, to be supported by three piers of Nov. ensuing. Communications may be addressed of masonry. The bridge to be completed by the 1st to the undersigned, at his office, No. 9 Chambers street, where plans and specifications may be seen. JOHN EWEN, JR.

Engineer of the New York and Harlem Railroad. 9-t158

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CONTENTS:

213

215

Avery's Rotary Engine...
209
Strictures on the Reports of the State Engineers 210
On Supplying the City of New-York with Wa-
ter; Professor Barlow's Report on Railways.. 211
Railway Tunnels; Depth of Mines...
Introduction to a View of the Works for the Tun-
nel under the Thaines from Rotherhithe to
Wapping.......
Tyrone Power's Impressions of America-Rail-
roads; Report of the Select Committee on so
much of the Governor's Message as relates to
the Construction of a Ship Canal around the
Falls of Niagara.....
... 217
Louisville, Cincinnati, and Charleston Railroad.. 218
Carter's Patent Valve for Regulating the Flow of
Gas and other Fiuids; Ure's Philosophy of Ma-
nufactures..
Fundamental Principles of the Prussian School
System.....

220

221

The Poor Boy; Sugar from Indian Corn; Railway Transit..

222

.....

Pudney's Patent Revolving Horse Rake; Remo-
val; To Engineers, Railroad Companies, &c.. 223
Advertisements...

224

AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL.

NEW-YORK, APRIL 9, 1836.

The boiler now in use was made for a piston engine, and was intended for 15 horse power.

on which the arm is fixed, and with which || average not to exceed 40 gallons of water
it revolves at the rate of 3000 times a min-per hour.
ute, and stop its motion if he had on a
pair of "leather mittens"-we will proceed
to give some particulars in relation to it,
which, from personal observation, and from It has been asked, and frequently, what
the statement of the intelligent superin-is the power of this engine. This is a
tendent, we can vouch for.
question easier asked by many, than an

The arms of the engine are 30 inches long swered-yet most practical men form an
from the exterior of the shaft to the aper-opinion for themselves, of the power re-
tures, and the apertures are each the of quired to carry this machinery-and it is,
a square inch-they are inclosed in a circu- of course, in this way, estimated variously
lar cast iron case-the shaft receiving the It cannot, however, we presume, be pu
steam at one end and having a pulley for down at less than the following estimate
the main band on the other.
viz:

The following machines are all attached to, and operated by it, viz:

1 upright saw with 30 inch stroke, or 15 inch crank-averaging 110 strokes per min

ute.

1 buzz saw, 24 inch, cutting a kerf of
of an inch, with 22 to 2400 revolutions per
minute.

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But to avoid over-estimates, we will put
the whole at 15 horse power, to accomplish
which 40 gallons of water are evaporated
at an expense of fuel of one dollar for every
1 whip saw for curves, with 9 inch sweep ten working hours, and $1,25 cents for at
and 250 strokes per minute.
1 grindstone.

1 blower for the furnace.

AVERY'S ROTARY ENGINE. This engine has become a subject of considerable interest, not only in this country but in Europe. We have been frequently inquired of by letter and otherwise, as to its ability, cost, cost of fuel and attendance, &c. &c.yet, although entirely satisfied as to its ability and economy, until the present time we have been unable to give a definite answer to these questions. And, indeed, even now, we do not speak with that precision in rela. tion to cost which we should like, although we are sure to put it high enough; and even a little beyond the mark, that those who These machines are not always all at work purchase may, if at all, be favorably disap-at the same time-as some of them require pointed. repairing, or filing, or they are taking off or After repeating the remark of a gentle- putting on logs, but this may be said withman of much experience with steam en-out fear of contradiction-they can all be gines, viz. "that when it was in successful driven at the same time by the engine now operation, if they would give him a good in use, for 10, 12, or any number of hours pair of leather mittens he would hold it" that the superintendent and hands can tend meaning that he could take hold of the shaft lit-and that, too, with the evaporation of an

tendance on the engine and fire.

It should be borne in mind, that these saws are all used in sawing mahogany-except

And the pump raising water 30 feet into the whip-saw, which is used for sawing
a resorvoir for its own use.
all kinds of timber.

In addition to the above, a turning-lathe is to be put in operation in a few days.

The question has been and may be again. asked, what will the boiler and other fix tures cost, to put this engine in operation? It may be answered, although not very satisfactorily, by saying that the boiler and fixtures for driving it will not cost more than for any other engine of equal power. On

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