Fifth, the advancement of a few natives, nearly all of the secondgeneration Belgians, Germans, and English glass makers, and of a small number of Slovaks and Poles into the skilled occupations.

The following statement presents the number of persons employed by the plate-glass plant in 1909, by races and years of employment:

In 1909 Arnold supported an estimated population of 1,200 individuals, of whom about 60 per cent were immigrants. An important window-glass factory, employing under normal business conditions about 700 wage-earners, constitutes the industrial importance of the town. The settlement lies about a mile distant from New Kensington and practically has no town activities of its own. If it were not for the glass plant the place would be of no importance either from a business or an industrial standpoint.

The racial history of the glass plant is the history of immigration to Arnold. In 1892 the factory was erected and placed in operation with a working force of about 600, of which about 50 per cent were native Americans, 40 per cent Belgians, 5 per cent English, and 5 per cent Germans. The Belgians, English, and Germans were employed in the skilled occupations, while the Americans filled the unskilled positions.

The composition of the employees remained practically unchanged until 1900, when the unskilled native workmen began to enter the tin mills located at New Kensington. Their places were filled by unskilled Italian glass workers. The skilled Belgian workers began a like emigration from Arnold about the same time, going, in the majority of cases, to the glass communities farther westward. A number of unskilled American laborers were gradually promoted to the places left vacant by the Belgians, until the year 1903, when machinery was introduced throughout the establishment.

In 1903 machinery was introduced in all departments of the plant except in the flattening and cutting rooms. The introduction of machinery was opposed by the labor unions, and in 1904 a strike was called, with the result that all of the employees of the plant, with the exception of the flatteners and cutters, were placed upon a nonunion basis. The Bohemians and skilled native workmen left the factory on the failure of the strike, and native machine runners, many of whom had been employed as skilled laborers, were put in their places. In the places left vacant by the advancement of the unskilled native workmen were employed unskilled Italians, Poles, Slovaks, Macedonians, and representatives of a few other European races of recent immigration. At the present time about 40 per cent of the employees are Americans,

25 per cent Italians, 10 per cent Poles, 10 per cent Slovaks, 10 per cent Macedonians, 3 per cent Germans, and 2 per cent Belgians. The changes in the races employed at the glass plant affected the population of the town, which is now composed chiefly of Americans, Slovaks, Italians, and Poles. The only signs of the former Belgian population are a few business establishments which retired Belgian glass workers have established.

CREIGHTON, PA.

Creighton forms a link in the chain of glass communities along the Allegheny River, and comprises one township. The population is composed almost entirely of the employees of an important plateglass plant, which was established in 1884. At the time the glass factory was placed in operation the population of the community was composed chiefly of Belgians, who predominated, Germans, English, and Americans. Since then the racial composition of the community has followed closely that of the plant. Hand methods have been employed in the plant from the beginning, and, with the exception of the introduction of electric cranes for moving glass, no machinery is used. During the early days of the plant about 50 per cent of its employees were skilled Belgians, 25 per cent skilled. Germans from Westphalia and Rhenish Prussia, where the Belgian glass-making methods are used, and 25 per cent English and American, who constituted the unskilled labor in the casting rooms. At present the proportions of races employed are: Belgians, 5 per cent; Germans, 5 per cent; Italians, 20 per cent; Americans, 10 per cent; Slovaks, 30 per cent; Poles, 10 per cent; all other races, 10 per cent.

These figures show an almost total displacement of the Belgians and Germans and a displacement of about one-half of the native workmen by the Slovaks, Poles, and Italians. The causes assigned for this change in the races by the officials of the plant may be grouped as follows:

(a) The gradual decrease in the number of skilled Belgians and Germans by reason of death, retirement, return to Belgium and Germany, and employment in other glass plants located farther west. (b) The entering into the steel works and other industries of native and English employees and of the second generation of Belgians and Germans.

(c) The influx of Slovak, Polish, and Italian workmen, and their influence in the unskilled labor market of the Pittsburg district since 1898.

The first of the recent immigrants were employed in 1898. Slovaks were employed in 1898 and the Poles in 1900, but not until about 1907 were the Italians employed in any considerable numbers. The Slovaks and Poles took the place of the unskilled natives and others as they were either advanced into the skilled occupations in the glass factory or entered new fields of work. As the Belgians and Germans gradually left, numbers of Slovaks and Poles were advanced into the skilled occupations. At the present time the unskilled labor is done by the Italians and Macedonians. A large number of the first layers, first grinders, and first polishers-among the most skilled operatives in the plant are Slovaks and Poles. The Slovaks, however, are the predominating race in the plant at the present time.

The Poles and Slovaks are not regarded as the equals of the average Belgian and German glass workers, or that of the natives, but the officials of the factory claim that they are the best workers who can be secured in face of the competition which exists between the larger industries for native labor, and of the cessation of immigration of skilled glass workers from Belgium and Germany. Due to this situation, the vacancies in the plant have been filled as they occurred with Slovaks and Poles, who, however, demanded much attention to fit them for the work.

KANE, PA.

Swedish immigration. The foreign population of Kane and vicinity is composed chiefly of Swedes. Swedish settlers entered the community as early as 1866, when about ten families established permanent homes. Since that date the Swedes have steadily settled in the town. The largest immigration of the race during any fiveyear period was in 1895-1900. Comparatively few have come in the last five years. At present there are between 1,200 and 1,300 Swedes in Kane, while in a 5-mile radius their total number exceeds 2,000.

The Swedes first entered occupations in the lumbering industry and in a few cases found employment on farms in the vicinity of Kane. It was only a short while before a number of the latter owned their own farms. Lumbering as an industry in the Kane section has greatly diminished in the last few years, and to some extent the Swedes have been displaced in the camps by Italians. At present the Swedes are engaged in business for themselves, in farming, and as farm laborers, as unskilled or semiskilled workers in the windowglass factories, in lumbering and in general labor, such as carpentering and household servants. Thirty-six Swedes are engaged in business in the town, some of them being among the leading merchants and manufacturers in the community. About twelve Swedes are engaged in operating dairies, constituting practically all the milk dealers in the town. Ten per cent of the total employees in the window-glass factories are Swedes, but with a very few exceptions they have not risen to the highest skilled occupations; they are chiefly unskilled laborers, or semiskilled helpers.

Three Swedish churches have been organized in Kane, with a total membership of about 1,000. They have four fraternal organizations of a beneficial nature with a total membership of about 400. The Swedish language is used in the churches for the purpose of keeping up their language, and it is stated that there is a conscious effort toward perpetuating their peculiar customs and religious sectarianism. Notwithstanding this, the Swedes are unquestionably the most progressive of all the foreign races in the locality. While they have not excelled as workers in the glass industry, they have migrated only to a very small extent. As a race, they have settled permanently, acquired property, and have entered into the life of the community. Belgian immigration. Next to the Swedes, the Belgians, together with a few northern French, have resided in the community the longest. Presenting a strong contrast to the Swedes, they have come for the purpose of being employed as glass workers, and have been almost exclusively so employed since their first arrival. The first glass factories were started about 1890, and until very recent years,

all of them have been operated as hand factories, requiring a relatively large number of skilled workmen. The Belgians have supplied practically all of the blowers, and, except where machinery has been introduced, they have been supplanted to a very slight extent.

The Belgians have settled permanently in a large number of cases, but not to the extent that the Swedes have done, because of the tendency among peculiarly skilled workmen to move from one factory to another. Practically none of the Belgians are engaged in business; they have no separate churches; and are not joined together in secular organizations to the same extent as the Swedes. For twenty years, Belgians have been coming to the community, their population being augmented with the establishment of each new glass factory. At present, it is estimated that their total population is about 400. This comparatively small number, when we consider the fact that there are eight glass factories, is explained by first, the smallness of the plants, especially of the hand factories, and second, by the lack of the need for a proportionately large number of skilled glass workers in the four plants manufacturing window glass.

Italian immigration.-The third immigrant race to come to Kane were the Italians. It is stated that a few came as early as 1890. The great majority, however, have come within the last eight to ten years. They have entered upon the following occupations: (1) Municipal street construction, (2) railroad construction, (3) lumbering, (4) unskilled laborers in glass factories, and (5) small trades and miscellaneous occupations. During a strike which occurred in one of the more important glass factories, Italians were brought in as strike breakers. The strike was occasioned largely by the introduction of machinery to supplant skilled labor, which made possible the employment of unskilled and cheaper labor. The Italians in the community are migratory, although there are about 50 families, the heads of which have become naturalized citizens. The estimated Italian population at present is between 400 and 500. They have made very little progress, although they are well regarded by one of the large window-glass companies. A distinction has been drawn by the employers in favor of the North Italian, and there is a sentiment expressed by all the employers against the South Italians, although they are employed in practically all the industries located in the community on account of availability and their willingness to work for low wages. No Italians have engaged in business except the operation of a half-dozen fruit stands and two shoe repair shops. They have no church organizations, although they are contemplating starting one. A number of larger Italian beneficial societies are patronized.

Polish and Slovak immigration.-The Poles and the Slovaks first entered Kane about 1905. They are found employed at only one plate-glass plant. A number of other races are employed in this plant, but the Poles and Slovaks are not found employed in the window-glass plants. They are almost entirely unskilled laborers. Neither the Poles nor the Slovaks have any churches or schools. They live in the outlying sections of the town in the vicinity of the establishment where they are employed. None of them are engaged in business, and in practically every way they are isolated from the other races except while at work. Their total population does not exceed 200,

which is about equally divided, so far as could be ascertained, between the two races.

The Macedonians, Hebrews, and Greeks.-The last race to be employed as industrial workers in the locality were the Macedonians. These people have practically all come since the beginning of 1907, and are employed in the glass plants as unskilled laborers in the lowest occupations. Their total population is not greater than 250. They have not settled permanently, have no organizations, and but few families are found among them. A few Russian Hebrews have been employed in the glass factories, as well as a small number of Greeks. They are of the same class as the Macedonians, and exhibit a strong aversion to work in the factories. As soon as possible they enter into small businesses, the Hebrews starting as junk and second-hand clothes dealers and the Greeks as candy, peanut, and fruit dealers. The Greeks operate three candy kitchens, but the Hebrews are not as advanced as in other localities. Both of these races, however, have been in Kane less than three years, and their total combined population is not over 50.

JEANNETTE, PA.

The chief foreign population of Jeanette is composed of Italians, about 15 per cent of whom are North Italians, with a total population of between 1,200 and 1,500. There are about 100 Poles, 25 Slovaks, a few Russian Hebrews, and a small number of first-generation Belgians and Germans, together with a few of the second generation of the latter.

The Belgians, with a few English, were the first immigrants to enter the community. They were induced to come to Jeanette by the establishment of a window-glass factory in 1888. About the same time a number of German miners were employed in the coal mines in the locality. The Belgians composed 75 per cent of the employees of the window-glass plant when it was placed in operation, and constituted, with the exception of a few English, all of the skilled workers. The unskilled workers at that time were all native Americans. Belgians continued as skilled workers and in about the same proportion to the total number of employees in the plant until the strike of 1903 and the introduction of machinery in 1904.

Following the introduction of machinery in 1904 all of the Belgians, except those who owned property, left Jeanette to seek employment in other communities where the work was done by hand. Americans were placed on the machines, the introduction of which meant a large increase in the numbers of unskilled and semiskilled workmen. The lower occupations were filled by Italians and Poles and Slovaks. At the present time 70 per cent of the window-glass workers are recent immigrants of this class, chiefly Italians.

The Italians have to some extent entered the semiskilled occupations, earning from $20 to $25 per week. A few Belgian flatteners and cutters are still employed, since this work is still done by hand, but their number is gradually diminishing because of the cessation of immigration of Belgian glass workers and the removal by death of those now employed. Americans are gradually taking their places. On the other hand, the plant of a bottle manufacturing company located in the community has employed a large proportion of Italians since it was started in 1898. Of the total employees in this establish