months, and 75 per cent six months or longer during the year preceding the collecting of the data. The foreign-born persons show a smaller proportion working for any period of time than do persons native-born of foreign father or the native-born whites or negroes born of native father. Both the whites and negroes of native birth and those born of native father exhibit a larger proportion working at any time than do those who were native-born of foreign father.

Of the persons native-born of foreign father the Irish show 29.8 per cent, the English 26.7 per cent, the Slovaks 20 per cent, and the Germans only 14.3 per cent working twelve months. Of those who worked six months or over the English have a large proportion, and the Germans only 71.4 per cent.

A comparison of the foreign-born shows a very large proportion of each race working three months or over, the French, Scotch, and Slovenians reporting the maximum of 100 per cent and the Servians the minimum of 84.6 per cent, the other races ranging between these proportions. Of those who worked twelve months, the Ruthenians lead with 35.6 per cent and the Servians present the lowest proportion of 5.5 per cent. The next higher are the Bulgarians and Macedonians with 6.7 per cent each, the other races showing from 10 to 32 per cent who had worked the entire year.

The following table shows, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of males, in the households, who worked nine months or over.

TABLE 63.--Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working nine months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The grand total of the foregoing table shows that 44.1 per cent of all males studied in the iron and steel industry worked for nine

months or more. The largest proportion of males working for that period is found in the South and the smallest proportion in the Middle West, the percentage being in the case of the former 53.7 and of the latter 22. Each of the eastern communities studied shows a proportion ranging between these two extremes.

Comparing the persons native-born of foreign father with those of foreign birth, it is seen that the former show the largest proportion of persons who have worked for nine months or more, the proportion for the persons native-born of foreign father being 50.2 per cent as against 41.4 per cent for the foreign-born. In every locality studied the proportion of persons native-born of foreign father is larger than of foreign-born, the difference being about the same as in the total. Of all the races studied, the white persons native-born of native father show the largest total proportion who worked for nine months or more. In the Pittsburg district the proportion is 65.7 per cent; in Pennsylvania, Community C, 40 per cent; and in New York, Community D, 66.7 per cent. The Irish native-born of foreign father show the largest proportion in Community C of Pennsylvania and a slightly smaller proportion in the Pittsburg district. Comparing the Birmingham district of the South with the Middle West and the Pittsburg district of the East, it is seen that the Bulgarians, Poles, and Slovaks in the South have a larger proportion who worked nine months or more than have the same races in either of the other localities. The North and South Italians in the Pittsburg district of the East show a larger proportion than do the same races in the South. The following table shows the per cent of males who worked six months or over according to locality and general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 64.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working 6 months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

From the data presented in the preceding table it appears that the proportion of individuals for whom information was secured who worked six months or over during the year, is 69.9 per cent in Community E of the Middle West, 83.7 per cent in the South; and in the East, 72.8 per cent in the Pittsburg district, 67 per cent in Community C, 77.2 per cent in Community D, and 75 per cent for the entire iron and steel industry. Among the employees native white of native father the proportion who worked six months or over is largest in New York, Community D, and much smaller in Community C than in any other locality; of those native-born of foreign father the proportion who worked six months or over is larger in the Birmingham district of the South than in any other locality, as is also the case with the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born, the Bulgarians, North Italians, South Italians, and Slovaks have a larger proportion of male employees who worked six months or over in the South, the Birmingham district, than in any other locality; the Croatians, Magyars, and Poles show a larger proportion in Community D of the East than in any other locality, and the Servians a larger proportion in the Pittsburg district of the East than in any other locality.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The table next presented shows affiliation with trade unions of males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over and who were working for wages. The exhibit is by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 65.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 65.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

Considering the totals shown in the above table, it will be seen that of 4,185 individuals only 1.6 per cent are affiliated with trade unions, those native-born of native father showing the largest proportion, or 6.7 per cent, as compared with 5.2 per cent of those native-born of foreign father, and only 1.5 per cent of the foreign-born. The Bohemians and Moravians among the foreign-born races show the largest proportion, or 19 per cent, followed by the Irish with 11.5 per cent, while of those races reporting more than 1 per cent the proportions range from 1.3 per cent for the North Italians to 6.3 per cent for the Slovaks. Of the persons native-born of foreign father the Irish report 7 per cent as members of labor organizations, while neither the English nor Germans report any. As compared with the Irish it will be noted that white persons native-born of native father have a slightly smaller proportion.

The table next presented also shows the percentage of males, 21 years of age or over, in the households studied who were working for wages and who were affiliated with trade unions, but the presentation is by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 66.-Per cent of males 21 years of age or over working for wages who are affiliated with trade unions, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The above table shows that of the total number of males 21 years of age or over working in the iron and steel industry only 1.6 per cent are affiliated with trade unions, the several localities ranging from 2.6 per cent as shown in the Middle West to none in Community C of the East. In the localities in which both the native-born and foreign-born report proportions it will be seen that the former shows a slightly larger proportion in the Pittsburg district of the East and the latter a slightly larger proportion in the South. With regard to the several foreign-born races, the largest proportion shown by any race in any locality is shown by the Slovaks in the South. In the extent of membership in labor organizations the Slovaks are followed by the Magyars in the Middle West and the Poles and North Italians in the South. Each of the other races shows less than 1 per cent in the several localities.