ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows the range in annual earnings of females in the households studied who were 18 years of age or over and who were working for wages. The presentation is by general nativity and race of individual: TABLE 52.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. Of the 144 females furnishing information for the above table with average earnings of $205 per year, those of foreign birth show lower average annual earnings than do the native females born of foreign father, and the latter show smaller average annual earnings than do the native whites born of native father. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. The tables next presented show, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family, for the industry as a whole, the number and percentage of families in which wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. TABLE 53.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272. Of the selected families, only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table. This column includes 37 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." e This column includes 14 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." TABLE 54.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.] a This column includes 14 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." In the families where the income of the husband is under $400 per annum, 45 per cent of the wives either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. Where the earnings of husbands are between $400 and $600 each year the proportion is 42.5 per cent, and where it is $600 or over the proportion is but 34.8 per cent. In the industry as a whole, 42.7 per cent of all wives either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. In each specified rate of earnings the foreign-born show a much greater proportion of wives who either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers than do the group native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born families, whose heads have an income of less than $400 per year, the Servians show the largest proportion, or slightly less than 90 per cent, of wives who either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. The next largest proportion is shown by the Roumanians and the smallest is shown by the Irish, only 10.7 per cent of the wives of this race having either employment or keeping boarders or lodgers. Where the yearly earnings of the husband are between $400 and $600 all of the wives of the Roumanians and Servians either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. The proportions shown by these races is largely in excess of that shown by any other race. None of the wives of the English or Scotch, and less than 10 per cent of the wives of the Irish in this specified group of earnings, have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. In the case of families where the earnings of the husband are $600 or over yearly, all of the wives of the Roumanians either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. The next largest proportion, or 87.5 per cent, is shown by the Ruthenians. None of the wives of the Irish, and less than 25 per cent of the wives of the English, Scotch, and Slovaks, whose husbands are earning this specified amount per year, either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. The following table shows, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers: TABLE 55.-Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.] a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district. The proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers is 65.9 per cent in the Middle West; 12.1 per cent in the South; 55.3 per cent in the Pittsburg district; 55 per cent in Community C in Pennsylvania; 41.5 per cent in Community D in the East, and 42.7 per cent for the entire iron and steel industry. Of the wives in families of native-born whites of native father a larger proportion have employment or keep boarders or lodgers in Community C than in the Pittsburg district, while the percentage reported for the Pittsburg district is much larger than that reported for Community D. In the families whose heads were native-born of foreign father, the proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers is considerably larger for Community C than for the industry as a whole. In the families of foreign heads the proportion of wives having employment is largest in the Middle West, second largest in Community C, third largest in the Pittsburg district, and very much larger in Community D in the East than in the South. Of the wives in families the heads of which were Croatians, Germans, South Italians, Poles, and Slovaks, a larger proportion are employed or keep boarders or lodgers in the Pittsburg district than in any other locality, while of the wives and families of Magyar and Servian heads a larger proportion are employed or keep boarders and lodgers in Community C than in any other locality. The following table shows the percentage of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by locality and general nativity and race of head of family. TABLE 56.-Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband, by locality, and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.] • Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district. |