CONJUGAL CONDITION.

In all industrial centers the conjugal condition of the males has much to do with the systems of domestic economy. Large numbers of single men or of men whose families are in Europe increase the practice among housewives of keeping boarders and lodgers or lead to the adoption of a system of "boarding groups," whereby men without families live in groups under the management of a so-called boss. The absence of family ties also enables a man to move more easily from place to place, tending to lessen the degree of permanency and to discourage the acquiring of property and an interest in civic affairs. The series of tables which follows shows the conjugal condition of the persons in Community B. The first table is a statement of the male employees studied who were 20 years of age or over. The presentation is by general nativity and race.

TABLE 388.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

By far the greatest proportion, 63.6 per cent, of the male employees 20 years of age or over are married, 35.3 per cent are single, and 1.5 per cent are widowed. In every nativity group the greater proportion are married, the percents ranging from 55.8 of the native-born of foreign father to 64.4 of the foreign-born.

Of the foreign races only the Roumanians have a greater proportion of single than of married males. Other races with large propor

tions single are the Russians, Croatians, Poles, and Swedes. The married state is most general among the races of past immigration, the English, Welsh, German, Irish, and Scotch, and in addition among the Slovenians and Slovaks. The native-born males whose fathers were born in Scotland report equal numbers married and single.

The Welsh, with 9.1 per cent, have a larger proportion widowed than any other race. The Irish, with 5.9 per cent, and the Servians, with 4.9 per cent, follow the Welsh. The Scotch and Slovenians have no males widowed, and several races have less than 1 per cent so reported.

The conjugal condition of the 7,404 males discussed in the preceding table is next shown in greater detail, the tabulation being in age groups and by general nativity and race.

TABLE 389.-Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The proportions of male employees married are largest among those 45 years of age or over; but the proportions married among those 30 to 44 years of age are only slightly less. In the group 20 to 29 years of age the greater part of the employees are single, only 39.5 per cent of all the males, 40 per cent of the foreign-born, 42.6 per

cent of the native-born of native father, and 33.3 per cent of the second generation, being married. The proportion of widowed is largest among the employees 45 years of age or more and smallest among those from 20 to 29 years of age.

Of those 20 to 29 years of age, only the Slovaks and Slovenians have a greater number married than single. Most of the races have no widowers, but 2 per cent of the English and 1.9 per cent of the Servians are so reported. The married state among those 30 to 44 years of age is most general among the Magyars, Slovaks, Germans, and South Italians.

The Irish snow the largest proportions widowed or single among the foreign-born 30 to 44 years of age. The Roumanians and Poles follow as regards the number single, but the Servians and Croatians stand second and third in the comparison of the widowed. Persons native-born whose fathers were born in Ireland have 27.5 per cent single, those whose fathers were born in England following with 22.6 per cent single.

Among the males 45 years of age or over, the Slovaks report 95.7 per cent married; 94.4 per cent of the Germans, 93.3 per cent of the Poles, and 93.2 per cent of the Magyars are so reported. The nativeborn have lower percents here than any foreign race except the

Irish.

The conjugal condition of both males and females in the households studied is shown in the following table, by sex, age groups, and general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 390.-Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

TABLE 390.-Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

Of 1,031 individuals 20 years of age or over reporting complete data, a very large proportion, 85.6 per cent, are married, while 12.7 per cent are single, and 1.6 per cent are widowed. Comparing the native-born and the foreign-born, it is seen that a much larger proportion of the latter than of the former are married. Only a small proportion, 1.4 per cent, of the foreign-born are widowed, but 3.3 per cent of the native-born are so reported. Of the foreign-born, the Ruthenians, with 14.8 per cent, closely followed by the Roumanians, with 13.7 per cent, show the largest proportion single, and the Croatians, with 4.4 per cent, show the smallest proportion. The Croatians, with 94.1 per cent, closely followed by the Magyars and Slovaks, show the largest proportion married, and the Roumanians show the lowest. The Roumanians, with 2.1 per cent widowed, show the highest proportion; none of the Ruthenians and Slovaks reporting are widowed. Of the 430 females reporting complete data, it is seen that a very large proportion, or 93 per cent, are married, while only 4.2 per cent are single and 2.8 per cent widowed. All of the Croatian, Ruthenian, and Slovak females reporting are married; the Roumanian is the only

race reporting any single females, and the Roumanian and Magyars report only small proportions widowed. Of 601 males reporting complete data, a very large proportion, or 80.4 per cent, are married, while 18.8 per cent are single. Comparing the foreign-born with the nativeborn, the first named show 82.2 per cent and the last named 64.5 per cent married. Of the foreign-born races reporting complete data, the Croatians show the largest proportion married, or 90 per cent, closely followed by the Magyars and Slovaks. The Ruthenians show the lowest, or 76.9 per cent.

As regards the group of persons 20 to 29 years of age, it is seen that 81.9 per cent of the foreign-born and but 37.2 per cent of the nativeborn are married. The females show percentages much higher and the males show percentages much lower than these figures. None are widowed at this age. Of those 30 to 44 years of age, 93.8 per cent are married, 4.4 per cent single, and 1.9 per cent widowed. The foreign-born have 95.4 per cent married and the native-born have 83.1 per cent. The native-born females are 85.2 per cent married, 7.4 per cent single, and 7.4 per cent widowed. The native-born males in this age group report 81.3 per cent married and 18.8 per cent single. Of those 45 or more years of age or over, 88.8 per cent are married, 2 per cent single, and 9.2 per cent widowed. The foreignborn have 89.7 per cent married and the native-born 85 per cent.

The extent to which married males of foreign birth are accompanied to the United States by their wives, or later send for them, is of value in a study of the assimilation of the various races. The following table shows the per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and the per cent who report wife abroad, by race

of husband:

TABLE 391.-Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.]

The above table shows a total of 3,245 married men of foreign birth among the employees studied, 56.7 per cent of whom report their wives in the United States and 43.3 per cent of whom report their