The following table shows the sex of the 1,727 persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 342.-Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The preceding table shows that 54.5 per cent of the total number of individuals for whom detailed information was secured are males and 45.5 per cent are females. The proportions of males and females are more nearly equal among the groups native-born of native father than among those who were native-born of foreign father. The latter, in turn, have a more equal sex distribution than have the foreignborn households. The Irish is the only race with a greater number of females than of males reporting information. Among the foreign households the most equal proportions of males and females are found among the Poles, the difference being 1.2 per cent in favor of the males. The most unequal proportions of the sexes are in the Servian households, with 62.8 per cent males.

MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The table next presented shows persons in the households studied for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 343.-Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

A tabulation by general nativity and race of individual instead of head of household discloses a different racial composition for the 1,727 persons furnishing detailed information. This table shows. only 62.2 per cent to be actually foreign-born, 27.6 per cent being native-born of foreign father, and 10.2 per cent native-born of native father.

Of the 1,075 foreign-born reporting, large proportions are shown for the Roumanians, with 174 persons, the Croatians with 155, and the Magyars with 153. The smallest racial groups are the 1 Hebrew, the 2 English, Russian, and Welsh, and the 4 Bulgarian. The North and South Italians and the Poles report almost as many females as males, but with the Servians, Roumanians, Ruthenians, and Croatians the

males reporting are largely in excess of the females. A comparison of the Poles and Servians, each reporting 66 persons, shows 34 males and 32 females for the Poles, and 47 males and 19 females for the Servians.

Of the 476 native-born of foreign father, the Irish, with 95 persons, are represented in the largest numbers, the Magyars ranking next with 72 persons. Only 1 Scotch and 1 English employee are here reported, the next smallest group being the 9 Germans. Most of the races report more females than males, the 47 Ruthenians showing but 16 males in contrast with 31 females. The Croatians, North Italians, and Magyars are the exceptions to this rule.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The following table shows the general nativity and race of the 7,995 male employees of the iron and steel industry for whom infor

mation was secured:

TABLE 344.-Male employees for whom information was secured by general nativity and

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration to the community-Present population of the communityPeriod of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households Racial classification of employees at the present time-[Text Tables 345 to 348 and General Tables 167 and 168].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COMMUNITY.

The movement of the immigrant population to the community has corresponded to the recurring periods of expansion of the iron and steel industry within its borders. The early settlers were from Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Maryland. The first immigrants were the English, Scotch, and Welsh, followed by the Germans, who in turn were followed by the Irish. Because of the familiarity of the English, Scotch, and Welsh with the iron and steel industry they were attracted to the locality by the openings for skilled workmen. The Germans, and more extensively the Irish, sought positions as common or unskilled laborers in the local furnaces and steel plants. The immigration of these races dates practically from the establishment of the community and continued without admixture of any other races until about eighteen years ago. At that time representatives of races of recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe began to make their appearance. Small numbers of the Italians, Slovaks, and Magyars were the first to secure employment in the steel mills. They were followed by the Poles, who were present in considerable numbers by the year 1898. The Croatian population had its beginning in 1900, and shortly afterwards the Swedes arrived. The Roumanians have been in the community for five years, while the Bulgarians, Russians, Servians, Syrians, Greeks, Armenians, and Bohemians, together with scattered members of other races, have arrived within the past two years.

No statistics as to race of persons in Community B are available, but the returns of the censuses of 1890 and 1900, showing the country of birth of the foreign-born residents of the locality, throw a valuable light upon the racial movements to the city and bear out during the period 1890 to 1900 the history of immigration outlined above. As can be readily seen from the table following, there was a decrease in the English, Welsh, Irish, and German immigration between 1890 and 1900 and the increase in persons of foreign birth was derived principally from migration from Italy, Poland, and Hungary.

497

TABLE 345.-Population of Community B, by country of birth, 1890 and 1900. than 10

[Compiled rom the censuses of 1890 and 1900.

shown in Other countries,"" "Asia (not specified)," and "Europe (not specified) reported

are

The present population of the community, according to careful estimates, is exhibited below. The number given for each race includes both native-born of foreign father and foreign-born:

The estimate is based upon normal conditions. It is estimated that during the industrial depression of 1907 and 1908 about 5,500 wage-earners left the community because of the curtailment of work. Racially the number which emigrated was estimated to be as follows: