than 6 persons to an apartment. The average number of persons per room in the Servian households studied is 2.73 and in the Croatian 2.79. In addition to these two races the Poles and Ruthenians

each show slightly over 2 persons per room. The Hebrews and Welsh each show less than one person per room. The Croatians report the greatest congestion in sleeping rooms, the average number being 4.03. The North Italians, Ruthenians, and Servians each have between 3 and 4 persons per sleeping room. The Hebrews with 1.69 persons and the Welsh with 1.89 persons show the smallest number of persons per sleeping room.

The following table exhibits the range in number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 302.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of the 298 households investigated only 11 had heads who were native-born of native father. Consequently, the percentage of households having each specified number of persons per room for the total group represents very closely the corresponding proportions for the foreign-born. Of the races for which detailed information is given, crowding seems most general among the Croatians, since 100 per cent of the households of that race average at least 1 person per room, 79.2 per cent average 2 or more, 45.8 per cent 3 or more, and 12.5 per cent 4 or more. The Poles also, in a relatively large number of instances, have 2 or more or 3 or more persons per room, and this condition is true in a lesser degree among the Slovaks and Magyars.

General nativity and race of head of household.

The following table shows the range in the number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 303.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of the total number of foreign households, 81.9 per cent have 2 or more persons per sleeping room, 51.2 per cent have 3 or more, 24.7 per cent 4 or more, 10.5 per cent 5 or more, and 3.8 per cent have 6 or more. The Croatians show the most marked degree of crowding in sleeping rooms, ranging from 100 per cent of households having 2 or more persons per sleeping room to 8.3 per cent having 6 or more. The Magyars and Poles have relatively large proportions of households with 2 or more or 3 or more persons per sleeping room, but the proportions having a greater number are comparatively low.

Number of households
having each specified
number of persons

per sleeping room.

Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room.

more.

6 or

more.

The effect of congestion upon living and sleeping arrangements is shown by the table next presented, which shows the number and percentage of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms. The exhibit is by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 304.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of the total number of foreign households, 59.9 per cent regularly use all rooms except one for sleeping, 18.1 per cent use all rooms except 2, 3.1 per cent use all rooms. The use of all rooms for sleeping is most common in Polish households, although it also prevails to some extent among the Magyars and Slovaks.

The apparently common practice in the households of the specified races is to use all rooms except 1 for sleeping. The extent to which this use of rooms is practiced ranges from 83.3 per cent of the Croatians and of the Poles to 44.7 per cent of the South Italians. The latter race, however, has the largest proportion of households sleeping in all except two rooms.

CHAPTER VII.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees and members of their households-Criminality-Charity-[Text Tables 305 to 317 and General Tables 145 to 154].

LITERACY.

The following table shows the percentage of male employees who read and the percentage who read and write, by general nativity and

race:

TABLE 305.-Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

In the above table, of a total of 8,461 males 88.4 per cent can read, and a slightly lower proportion are able to read and write. Of the foreign-born 76.6 per cent are literate, and a slightly higher percentage can read but not write. Less than 1 per cent of the white employees native-born of native father can not read, and but 1.1 per cent are entirely illiterate.

A study of the races reporting ability to read shows that 91 per cent or over of each of the races of past immigration-namely the Irish,

German, English, and Welsh-report this ability, all of the last-named race being able to read. As compared with this high rate, the remaining foreign races exhibit very low percentages, the minimum proportion of 36.4 per cent being presented by the Servians. Of the iron and steel workers native-born of native father only 0.7 per cent of 2,689 males can not read. As regards general literacy the races of past immigration again show the highest proportions, ranging from 88.3 per cent of the Irish to 99.2 per cent of the English who are able to read and write, as compared with from 85.8 per cent to 34.1 per cent of the employees of the races of recent immigration, the Magyar reporting the higher and the Servian the lower percentage.

The following table shows the literacy of persons 10 years of age or over in the households studied. The data are presented according to sex, general nativity, and race of individual:

TABLE 306.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

From the figures of the above table it is seen that 66.2 per cent of all those included in the table can read. Among the foreign-born the Magyars, with the Slovaks next in order, have the highest percentages who can read, both for men and women. The Croatians show the smallest proportion of males who can read, and the Ruthenians of females. The totals for the several races show that the Magyars have the largest proportion who are able to read and to read and write. The Slovaks, Poles, South Italians, Croatians, and Ruthenians, in the order named, rank next to the Magyars.