RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. The following table shows the percentage of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources. The exhibit is by general nativity and race of head of family: TABLE 280.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] In the total number of selected families, 64.2 per cent of the total income is from the earnings of the husband; 21.2 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers; 10 per cent from the contributions of children; 4.5 per cent from other sources; and 0.3 per cent from earnings of wife. Since all but 18 of the families are foreign-born, the figures for the total closely reflect the composition of the income of the families the heads of which were foreign-born. Every race has a greater proportion of the total income from the earnings of the husband than from any other source. It is noticeable, however, that the Croatians and Magyars, who have a smaller proportion of their total income from the earnings of the husband than the other specified races, have the largest proportions from the payments of boarders or lodgers. Of the total income of the South Italians 10.1 per cent is from the contributions of children. CHAPTER IV. WORKING CONDITIONS. Hours worked per day and per week-Frequency and methods of wage paymentsRegularity of employment-Sanitary conditions in the plants-Liability to accident or disease-The company-store system-Welfare work-Relation between the different races employed-Local prejudice-The immigrant and organized laborReasons for employing immigrants [Text Tables 281 to 286 and General Table 132]. HOURS WORKED PER DAY AND PER WEEK. In the coal mines of this community the employees work twelve hours per day and six days per week with the exception of carpenters, blacksmiths, blacksmith's helpers, mule shoers, machinists, sand driers, lamp cleaners, lumbermen, and common laborers who work ten hours each day and six days per week. In the different divisions of the blast-furnace departments of the steel plants the hours worked are as follows: Ore-storage and car-dumper division ten hours per day and six days per week. Iron-conveyor division, ten hours a day and six days a week, with the exception of iron pourers and foremen, who work twelve hours a day and seven days a week. Cast-house division, ten hours a day and six days a week, with the exception of cinder snappers, cinder conveyers, stove tenders and helpers, samplers, molders, hot-stove men, car inspectors, clay-pan men, and oil men, who work twelve hours a day and seven days a week. In the boiler and engine house departments, twelve hours a day and seven days a week is the rule, with the exception of tool men and common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the stock-house department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of the common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the steam house, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of the common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the car-shop department, ten hours a day and six days a week. In the ore-yard department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of foremen, operators, and common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the car-dumper department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the trestles department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of day foremen, carpenters, and common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the mud-house department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week for oilers, and ten hours a day and six days a week for repairmen and common laborers. In the steam-house department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. The coke men all work twelve hours a day and seven days a week. In the repair depart ment, ten hours a day and six days a week. In the large locomotive department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of the machinists, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the brick-masons, stone-masons, pattern-shop, car-shop, paint-shop, carpenter-shop, plumbing-shop, smith-shop, roof-shop, roll-shop, boiler-shop, wagon-shop, stone-quarry, railroad-repairs, teamsters, farm, and riggers and slaters departments, all work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the pumping stations all work twelve hours a day and seven days a week. In the air plant the engineers work twelve hours a day and seven days a week, and the foremen and repairmen ten hours a day and six days a week. The police force work twelve hours a day and seven days a week. In the mechanical department foremen and common laborers work ten hours a day and six days a week, and the pumpers twelve hours a day and seven days a week. In the brickyard all employees work ten hours a day and six days a week with the exception of engineers and firemen, who work twelve hours a day and seven days a week. In the small locomotive department all work ten hours a day and six days a week, with the exception of engineers, brakemen, and cranemen, who work twelve hours a day and seven days a week. In the rolling mills all employees work twelve hours a day and six days a week, with the exception of machinists, lamp men, common laborers, engineers, foremen, and repairmen, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the steel foundry all work ten hours a day and six days a week, with the exception of gasmen and helpers and millwrights and helpers, who work twelve hours a day and six days a week. In the mold foundry and general foundry all work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the Bessemer steel mill grade boys, test boys, ingot scalemen, clean-ups, car greasers, foremen, skull crackers and helpers, and cupola-drop men work twelve hours a day and six days a week, and the metal gang, coke and limestone gang, water tenders, firemen and ashmen, twelve hours a day and seven days a week. The tag boys work eight hours a day and six days a week. The carpenters, crop ends, cinder trackmen, and common laborers work ten hours a day and six days a week, and the roof hands, cart helpers, gannister crushers, dump hands, and brick wheelers work ten hours a day and seven days a week. In the Blooming mill the foremen, repair men, and wipers work ten hours a day and seven days a week; the common laborers and gas lighters work ten hours a day and six days a week; the crane hands, chipping hammers, forge engineers, shear hands, pumpers, roll pitmen, and gas makers and helpers, twelve hours a day and six days a week; the oilers, water tenders, firemen, and ashmen, eight hours a day and six days a week. In the billet mill the scale wheelers, shear men, layouts, painters, tablemen, firemen, ashmen, pumpmen, engineers, furnace door boys, conveyor men, crane hands, hotbed engineers, and hot saw engineers work twelve hours a day and six days a week; the machinists and repairmen, ten hours a day and seven days a week; the clean-ups, laborers, roll setters' helpers, and greasers, ten hours a day and six days a week; the gas makers, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, and the roll setters eight hours a day and six days a week. In the axle and forge department all work twelve hours a day and six days a week, with the exception of the shop sweeper and common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. All of the floating or unskilled labor work ten hours a day and six days a week. The following table shows, by departments and occupations of steel plant No. 1, the hours of work per day and days worked per week. This plant, it will be recalled, is the largest in the community, and employs on an average about 18,000 men: |