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or more than under $36 and the Irish have equal proportions earning under $36 and $36 and over.

The employees of the blast furnaces are 1,209. In this department the Croatians show their entire number earning under 41 for the designated pay period. The Poles, Italians, Magyars, and Servians show larger proportions earning under than over $26. The Americans and Germans are the only races showing a proportion earning $51

or over.

It is seen that each race represented in the blooming mills, except the Magyar, Slovak, and Welsh, shows the majority earning $36 or more, the Magyars showing their entire number, the Slovaks 12 out of 15 reporting, and the Welsh 3 out of 4 earning less than $36.

Of the number employed as brick and stone masons, the Croatians, Macedonians, and Magyars are the only races not showing a number earning $31 or more.

Of those employed in the carpenter shops, boiler shops, and various mechanical departments, the Americans have one-half of the number earning under $31, while the Irish show two-thirds below this amount. In the car-building shops and structural departments the Germans and Italians each show over 50 per cent of their number earning under $31. Larger proportions of the Croatians, Magyars, and Servians earn $16 and under $21 than any other specified amount.

Upon referring to the table covering the coke plant it will be seen that the Americans show more than 50 per cent of their number earning $36 and over. The Croatians have none earning as high as $31, and the Slovaks only 2 of their 231 earning as high as $36.

In the foundry and machine shops the English, Germans, Swedes, and Welsh have more than 50 per cent of their number earning $26 or over. The Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks each show a larger proportion earning $16 and under $21 than any other specified amount.

Among the engineers and firemen of the large and small locomotives the Americans show the largest proportion of their number earning $31 or over, while the Germans, Italians, Magyars, and Slovaks each have a larger proportion earning under $31 than $31 or over.

In the department of mines each race shows a smaller proportion earning $36 and over than under $36.

In the open-hearth department each race, except the Servian and English, has a larger proportion of its number earning under $21 than $21 or over.

Of the different races employed in the railroad repairs department each, except the American, shows a larger proportion earning less than $16 than any other specified amount. Only one race, the Italian, shows a number earning as high as $36, and only two, the Italian and American, a number earning as high as $26. All races except the English, Magyar, and Polish exhibit proportions earning $16 and under $21.

Upon referring to the table covering the riggers and slaters it will be seen that the Americans, Croatians, Germans, Servians, and Slovaks show over 50 per cent of their numbers earning under $26. The American and German are the only races showing a number earning $46 and over.

In the rolling mill all the Croatians and Servians earn under $31, and all the Italians under $26.

The miscellaneous departments, which include the sand mill, brick and lumber yards, air plant, warehouse, police, teams, pumping station, car shop, sawmill, stone quarry, and roof shop, show that only the Americans have a number earning $51 or over, and only two races, the American and German, a number earning $41 or more. The other races, except the English, Servian, and Slovak, have their entire number earning under $36.

The last table in the series summarizes by departments the range of wages in the entire establishment."

TABLE 269.— Number of employees earning each specified amount for the pay period June 1-15, 1907, by department.

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It will be seen that the largest proportion of those employed in the carpenter and boiler shops and various mechanical, bessemer, large and small locomotives, billet mill, axle and forge, blooming mill, and mining departments earn $26 or over. Of the total number employed in the railroad repair department over 50 per cent earn under $16 and none earn as high as $41. In the car shops and structural, rolling mill, bessemer, and open-hearth departments a larger proportion earn under $16 than any other specified amount. In the blast furnace, floating labor, brick and stone masons, riggers and slaters, mining and coke plant departments a larger proportion earn $21 and under $26 than any other specified amount. In the billet mill and axle and forge departments a larger number earn $26 and under $31 than any other specified amount; and in the blooming mill a larger proportion earn $36 and under $41 than any other specified amount.

• See Table 268, pp. 360-363, showing racial composition of departments.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The following table shows husbands at work, within the households studied, by general nativity and race of individual:

Table 270.—Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

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The above table shows that of the 254 husbands for whom information was obtained in this locality, 97.6 per cent are at work with average earnings of $390. Of the foreign-born 97.5 per cent of all husbands for whom information was obtained are at work-the foreignborn husbands having average earnings of $384 as compared with $473, the average earnings of the whites, native-born of native father. Among the foreign-born husbands who are reported in sufficient numbers to admit of comparison, the South Italians alone report their entire number at work. Following the South Italians are the Poles, who report a slightly larger proportion of husbands at work than do the Magyars, Slovaks, or Croatians.

The Welsh report by far the largest average earnings among the several foreign-born race groups, or $622. Following the Welsh are the Magyars with average earnings of $432, which it will be seen are considerably higher than the average earnings of the Slovaks, Croatians, South Italians, or Ruthenians, and very much larger than the average earnings of the Poles or Irish, in the order named.

The table following shows the earnings per annum of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 271.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race oj

individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272.)

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Of a total of 248 reporting, the average earnings are $390. The average earnings of the heads of families native-born of native father are much higher than those of foreign birth, while those of the nativeborn of foreign father are not computed, owing to the small number involved. A very small percentage of foreign-born earn under $100, while practically none receive over $1,000, the majority earning less than $400 a year.

A comparison of earnings of separate races shows the average of foreign-born Welsh, and whites native-born of native father to be rather large. Of the races shown, the Slovak is the only race which exhibits any percentage earning over $1,000.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table following shows the annual earnings of all males 18 years of age and over in the households studied. The presentation is by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 272.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

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The foregoing table shows that the average earnings per annum for the 721 males reporting was $324. Among the foreign-born the average annual earnings of the Welsh are notably higher than those of the other races. The Ruthenians are next in order of annual earning capacity, followed consecutively by the Slovaks, North Italians, Germans, Servians, Croatians, Magyars, South Italians, Poles, and Irish. The table further shows that practically the entire number earn under $1,000 a year; that 91.7 per cent earn under $600 a year on the average, and that 70 per cent and 29.3 per cent earn under $400 and $200, respectively. Of the seven foreign-born races for whom the percentages have been computed the Magyars have the largest percentage, earning annually less than $200. The South Italians have the largest proportion earning under $400.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

The table following shows the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of the head of the family.

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