Upon information obtained for 57,941 male employees, it will be seen that 52.4 per cent earn $12.50 or over each week, 76.8 per cent earn $10 or over, 33.7 per cent $15 or over, 21.4 per cent $17.50 or over, while only 13.1 per cent receive $20 or over, and 8.3 and 5.7 per cent earn $22.50 and $25 or over, respectively, and 2.8 per cent earn under $7.50 a week. The foreign-born, it will be noted, show a proportion earning each specified amount below that shown for the iron and steel workers who were native-born of foreign father and those who were whites native-born of native father. The proportions of white employees native-born of native father, and those who were native-born of foreign father, earning each specified amount, differ very little one from the other.

Among the foreign-born, it will be noted that, with the exception of the French and Swedes, all of whom earn $7.50 or over a week, each race shows a small proportion earning under $7.50. Of those earning $10 or over the Swedes, with 96.1 per cent, show a larger proportion than the Welsh, Canadians other than French, English, Lithuanians, Irish, French, Russians, Germans, or Slovaks, in the order namedeach showing a proportion in excess of that shown for all foreign-born employees. Of the employees of this group reporting a proportion of their number as earning a less sum than that shown by the total figures for the foreign-born, the Poles, with 67.8 per cent, report the largest proportion, and the Servians, with 45.4 per cent, the smallest. As contrasted with the proportions of the older immigrant races earning each of the specified amounts, the proportions of the more recent immigrant races are very low. By way of illustration, it will be noted that among those who earn $15 or over, the proportions of the older immigrant races range from 69.9 per cent of the Welsh to 35.3 per cent of the Germans, while of the more recent immigrants the proportions range from 35.2 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians to 6.4 per

cent of the Servians.

Among those who earned $17.50 or over, $20 or over, $22.50 or over, and $25 or over the differences between the older and more recent immigrant races are all the more marked, the Welsh, in each instance, among the older immigrant races, showing the largest and the Germans the smallest percentages. Of the more recent immigrants earning $17.50 or over the Bohemians and Moravians, with 24.2 per cent, show a much larger percentage than any of the other races, the Roumanians, with 1.7 per cent, having the smallest proportion. As regards those who earned $20 or over, in no instance does a more recent immigrant race show a proportion in excess of 3 per cent.

Of the employees native-born of foreign father it will be noted. that the differences in the proportions of those whose fathers were born in the various countries, earning each specified amount, are very much less marked than among the foreign-born races, the most noticeable difference being shown by those whose fathers were born. in Austria-Hungary as compared with those whose fathers were born in the other countries.

The next table submitted shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of males 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week:

TABLE 140.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the male employees between the ages of 14 and 18 years for whom information was secured almost all earn $2.50 or over, 90.2 per cent $5 or over, 43.3 per cent $7.50 or over, 19.1 per cent $10 or over, 7.2 per cent $12.50 or over, and 2.7 per cent $15 or over each week. The proportion of employees earning $5 or over or $10 or over weekly is largest for the native-born employees of native father, second for the foreign-born, and smallest for those of native birth and of foreign father. The proportion of employees earning $7.50 or over, $12.50 or over, and $15 or over per week is largest for the foreign-born, second for those who were native-born of native father, and smallest for those who were native-born of foreign father.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

As regards the progress in the earning ability of foreign-born employees after designated periods of residence in this country, the following table shows, by race and years in the United States, the comparative weekly earnings of foreign-born male employees who were 18 years of age or over. In this table the periods of residence are grouped in a way to enable an examination into the progress exhibited by each race.

TABLE 141.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Less than 0.05 per cent.

TABLE 141.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States-Contd.

The earning ability of foreign-born male employees is materially increased in many cases by an extended period of residence in the United States. Upon the whole the greatest gain, it will be seen, is reported by those of each race who have been in the United States from five to nine years as compared with those who have been in the United States less than five years. In some few instances those who have been in the United States ten years or over show slightly smaller proportions earning the various specified amounts than do those with a residence of from five to nine years. The instances are, however, very rare where the proportions of those with a residence of ten years or over do not exceed the proportions with a residence of under five years. By way of illustration it will be seen that the Croatians, with a residence of less than five years, show 45.7 per cent earning $10 or over, 13.1 per cent $12.50 or over, and 3.3 per cent earning $15 or over, as compared with 60, 27.1, and 14 per cent, respectively, of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years, and 67.5, 40, and 19.7, per cent, respectively, of those who have been in the United States ten years or over. As regards those Croatians earning $20 or over per week, it will be noted that the proportion with a residence of ten years or over, while slightly smaller than the proportion with a residence of from five to nine years, is slightly larger than the proportion with a residence of less than five years earning this amount. The most consistent gain in the proportions earning each specified amount, among those who have been in the United States ten years or over over those with a residence of from five to nine years, and of those in this latter period over those with a residence of less than five years, is shown by the Slovaks, the proportions earning each specified

amount, without a single exception, increasing with each succeeding period of residence.

The following table shows, by race and length of residence in the United States, the percentage of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified rate per week. In this table the several races are grouped under the different periods in order to make racial comparisons possible.

TABLE 142.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Less than 0.05 per cent.