This report includes returns for 61,231 pupils, distributed among 12 cities. The cities represented and the number of pupils in each for whom returns were secured are as follows:

TABLE 12.-Number of pupils for whom returns were secured, by city.

In the five cities last named, schools in which the various races of immigrants were represented were selected by the superintendents of schools. The Commission sought to secure data from all pupils in attendance in both the elementary grades and the high school in Bay City, Johnstown, and New Britain, and from all pupils in attendance in the elementary grades in Cedar Rapids, Chelsea, Haverhill, and New Bedford.

The number of pupils for whom information was secured is shown by general nativity of father of pupil in the table which follows:

TABLE 13.-Number of pupils for whom returns were secured, by general nativity of father of pupil.

The principal foreign races represented are the following:

TABLE 14.-Number of pupils of principal foreign races for whom returns were secured, by race of father of pupil.

The next table shows for the pupils included in the investigation the proportion who are children of native-born fathers and the proportion who are children of foreign-born fathers:

Of the total number of pupils included in the study, 62.5 per cent are children of foreign-born fathers. The proportion of pupils who are children of foreign-born fathers varies from 89.5 per cent in the selected schools in Buffalo to 25 per cent in Johnstown.

The table which follows shows the proportion of pupils born in the United States and the proportion born abroad. The data are presented by general nativity of father of pupil and the foreign races are divided into two groups-English-speaking and non-English-speaking

races.

TABLE 16.-Birthplace of pupils, by general nativity and race of father.

Only 14.2 per cent of the 61,231 pupils were born abroad. The proportion born abroad was 12.9 per cent among English-speaking races and 24.9 per cent among non-English-speaking races.

For each of the principal foreign races the number and per cent of pupils born abroad and the number and per cent born in the United States are shown in the table which follows:

TABLE 17.-Birthplace of pupils, by race of father; principal foreign races.

The race showing the largest proportion of its number born abroad is the Roumanian Hebrew, with 63.9 per cent; the Magyar, with 57.2 per cent born abroad, is the next in order. The Irish show 3.2 per cent of their pupils born abroad, which is the lowest proportion for any race; the Welsh, with 3.8 per cent, have an only slightly larger proportion born abroad.

The table which follows shows for each of the cities included in the investigation the number and per cent of pupils born abroad:

City.

TABLE 18.-Birthplace of pupils, by city.

Number of Number of pupils born-Per cent of pupils born-
pupils for
whom re-
turns were

secured.

In United
States.

Abroad.

In United
States.

Abroad.

The selected schools in Chicago have the highest proportion of pupils born abroad, and Chelsea ranks second, the percentages being 22.4 and 21.3 respectively. Cedar Rapids, with 2.2 per cent, has the lowest proportion born abroad, and Bay City, with 4.5 per cent, is next in order.

RETARDATION OF PUPILS.

The report of the Commission pays special attention to the "retardation" of pupils, and data relative to retardation are shown race by race. A "retarded" pupil, as the term is used throughout this report, is one who is older than the normal age for his grade. Thus, a pupil is retarded if 8 years of age or over and in the first grade; 9 years of age or over and in the second grade; 10 years of age or over and in the third grade; 11 years of age or over and in the fourth grade, and so forth.

or

Throughout the report on the "intensive" investigation all tables relative to retardation include only those pupils who are 8 years of age or over. The total number of pupils 8 years of age or over included in the investigation is 46,836, and of that number 17,127, 36.6 per cent, were retarded, or older than the normal age for their grade. The proportion retarded is shown, by general nativity and race of father of pupil, in the table which follows, the principal foreign races being grouped in the second part of the table:"

TABLE 19.-Number and per cent of pupils 8 years of age or over who are retarded, by general nativity and race of father of pupil.

Among pupils who are children of foreign-born fathers, 40.4 per cent are retarded. The percentage retarded is 27.3 among children of foreign-born fathers who belong to English-speaking races, and 43.4 among children of foreign-born fathers who belong to non-Englishspeaking races. The percentage retarded is 28.1 among children of native-born white fathers and 66.8 among children of native-born negro fathers.

Of the principal foreign races enumerated the children of Polish Hebrews show the largest proportion retarded, the percentage being 66.9; the children of South Italians are next in order, with 63.6 per cent retarded. The Swedes show the lowest proportion and the Dutch the second lowest proportion retarded, the percentages being 15.5 and 16.1, respectively.

In the further brief analysis in this summary of the tables relative to retardation five races only will be considered. Data relative to other races are shown in the Commission's complete report on the children of immigrants in schools. The races shown in this summary are the children of

Native-born white fathers.
Foreign-born English fathers
Foreign-born German fathers.

Foreign-born Russian Hebrew fathers.
Foreign-born South Italian fathers.

It will be seen that of these five races selected for summarization here, one is native-born; two are races of older immigration, one English-speaking and one non-English-speaking; and two are numerically important among races of recent immigration.

The first table following shows data for retardation related to birthplace of pupil.

TABLE 20.-Retardation, by birthplace of pupil.

Three of the five races show a smaller proportion retarded among those born in the city in which they lived at the time of the investigation than among those born elsewhere in the United States. All of the foreign-born races show a larger proportion retarded among pupils born abroad than among pupils born in the United States. The South Italians report the largest percentage and the English the smallest percentage retarded under each of the groupings.

The next table includes only pupils born in the United States and outside of the city in which they were attending school at the time of the investigation.