Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 1: Telecommunication System Mar. 1989 p 79-89 In JAPANESE; ENGLISH summary (For primary document see N91-10338 01-42) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 The trilateration ranging system provides data which are used in determining the orbit of the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS). The GMS system employed a trilateration ranging technique wherein a near simultaneous measurement of three range vectors are obtained from the Command and Data Acquisition Station (CDAS) and two Turn-Around Ranging Stations (TARS) which are located on Ishigaki Is., Japan, and on Crib Point, Australia. The primary function of the antenna control unit is control of the Command and Data Acquisition Station (CDAS) 18 m phi antenna driver, and part of its function is performed by a central monitoring and control central processing unit (CPU) board. These units are connected to the station control and monitor unit (Mini computer system) via process I/O unit. Each transmitter system control unit (Tx. Cont) is composed of the Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) control unit and HPA control unit. The Tx. cont units adjust the output signal level of each transmitter, and have a safety function that prevents radiation of unnecessary power. The function, performance and operation of the renovated unit are explained. Author Masaaki Sugai, Kouzo Masubuchi, and Toshio Onigata In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 1: Telecommunication System Mar. 1989 p 119-129 In JAPANESE; ENGLISH summary (For primary document see N91-10338 01-42) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 There are many data collection stations in the coverage area of the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) that are called Data Collection Platforms (DCP). Each station collects environmental data and sends it to DPC computer systems. DCP reported data is sended by UHF transmitter equipment after reception of the interrogation signal from DPC. The UHF signal is received at GMS and converted to an S-band down-link signal to sent to the Command and Data Acquisition Station (CDAS). The GMS UHF receiver and transmitter is cross-strapped to S-band communication equipment. The CDAS receiver equipment demodulates the S-band down link signal and discrimination to 133 channel data. Frequency drift in the satellite will be corrected by the DCP standard equipment in the CDAS. Author N91-10354# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). DPC TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM c32 Sadao Mita, Tsukasa Okazaki, and Ryoetsu Ansai In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 1: Telecommunication System Mar. 1989 p 137-155 In JAPANESE; ENGLISH summary (For primary document see N91-10338 01-42) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 This system is composed of the Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) interface unit, monitor and control unit, automatic image recorder and other units, monitored by a microprocessor. The system processes the image data and various other signals which are sent from the Command and Data Acquisition Station (CDAS) via the microwave link to DPC. These signals are transmited to the DPC computer system and processed. Others are transmitted to the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) via CDAS. Furthermore, WEFAX is transmitted by land line to domestic users. Author N91-10355# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). MICROWAVE LINK c32 c32 Susumu Shinozuka In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 1: Telecommunication System Mar. 1989 p 157-164 In Yukio Sasaki and Hiroyuki Suzuki In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 1: Telecommunication System Mar. 1989 p 113-117 JAPANESE; ENGLISH summary N91-10338 01-42) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 (For primary document see To prevent this, the value is corrected in the mapping by detection of the earth's edge. Author N91-10360# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). CALIBRATION c61 N91-10357# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). COMPUTER SYSTEM c60 Shigenori Naito In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical summary (For primary document see N91-10356 01-42) The new computer system (second generation) at the Japanese Meteorological Satellite Center (JMSC) has been working since May, 1987. Various new products were developed and put into routine operation. Buy adopting the new computer technology, researchers have improved operation efficiency without missing reliability. An outline of the new computer system and some essential points to be understood are given. Author N91-10358# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). GENERAL FLOW OF IMAGE DATA PROCESSING c60 Taichi Takahashi In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 2: Data Processing Mar. 1989 p 37-38 In JAPANESE; ENGLISH summary (For primary document see N91-10356 01-42) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 Since the operation of Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) and meteorological data processing were started in April 1978, many products have been added. On replacing the Meteorological Satellite Center's (MSC) computer system in 1987, overlapping processes of these products were integrated into one (so called the Basic Data Processing). This consists of pre-processing of image data, Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) histogram processing, and cloud grid data processing. MSC's products are derived using both raw VISSR data and the results of these three processings. Author Mitsuo Nesasa In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 2: Data Processing Mar. 1989 p 39-43 In JAPANESE; ENGLISH summary (For primary document see N91-10356 01-42) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 Mapping (to make each pixel of Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) image data correspond to the longitude and latitude of the earth) is one of the most important processing steps for analyzing Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) VISSR image data. The VISSR misalignment is used at the Meteorological Center (MSC) for mapping. This value changes nominally according to diurnal changes of the internal temperature of the satellite, and this change lowers the accuracy of the mapping. Masayuki Sasaki In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) data are used for facsimile pictures production and derivation of meteorological parameters such as sea surface temperature, cloud amount, and cloud motion wind. Prior to processing, VISSR calibration is necessary. VISSR calibration determines the relationship between brightness level and radiation energy (albedo or temperature). In addition, the relationship is used for stretched-VISSR data production. Author Yoshishige Shirakawa In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 2: Data Processing Mar. 1989 p 53-65 In JAPANESE; ENGLISH summary (For primary document see N91-10356 01-42) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 The facsimile image data are produced in several kinds of format useful for meteorological and oceanographic analysis on the basis of the Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) image data. Facsimiles were added and modified at the replacement of Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC) computer system. The Sea Surface Temperature facsimile (SST-FAX) is produced from VISSR infrared image data to draw the contour of sea surface temperature. The Sea-ice FAX is produced from VISSR visible image data and NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) infrared image data to watch the sea-ice in Okhostk Sea and Pohai Bay. The archiving FAX archives VISSR image as pictures for meteorological analysis. The Weather facsimile (WEFAX) is renamed from Low-Resolution facsimile (LR-FAX) in October 1988. The H,I,J pictures of WEFAX is modified from sectorized pictures to polar-stereographic pictures covering the Far East, including Japan. Author N91-10362# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). SATELLITE-DERIVED INDEX OF PRECIPITATION INTENSITY C47 Kazufumi Suzuki In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Satellite-derived Index of precipitation intensity (SI) is designed to estimate precipitation intensity from Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) data. SI is calculated on every 5 km grid and is graded in 16 intensity levels corresponding to radar echo intensity level. The calculated region consists of 700 x 300 grids covering the whole of the Japanese islands. SI is automatically processed hourly according to the schedule and is disseminated to the Forecast Division of the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) within a few minutes after the satellite observations. Estimation formula of SI is a polynomial equation determined by multiple regression analysis of GMS data and composite digital radar data. After the latest GMS data are converted to 5 km x 5 km grid value, the SI is obtained by substituting the GMS grid data into a polynomial equation which had been obtained by previous multiple regression analysis. Both VIS and IR channels data are available in the daytime and only IR channel data in the nighttime. Author Two kinds or pre-processed image data are routinely produced. The earth disc image and the polar-stereographic image are provided in order to shorten the access time on the Image Display Unit. These data are treated as a Image Data Set of the Relational Date Base (RDB), so that a large amount of image data can be searched and handled easily. The pre-processed image data files are commonly used by the successive processings: derivation of cloud motion winds, manual processing of satellite cloud information charts, analysis of tropical cyclones, editing of image movies on video tape recorders, and extraction of landmark. Author N91-10365# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). C47 Cloud motion winds are derived four times per day, OOUT, 06UT, 12UT and 18UT at the Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC). Two types of cloud motion winds are derived at MSC. One is cumulus level or low-level cloud motion wind which is derived through automatical process, and another is cirrus level or high-level cloud motion wind which is derived through combined processes, the automatical process and the man-machine interactive process. In the automatical process, the cloud height information is used for selection of suitable target clouds to be tracked. The tracking is performed by a pattern matching technique. In the manual process, an operator selects and tracks suitable targets on an animated movie loop of the image display unit. Both types of winds are assigned to certain levels and quality-checked manually and automatically. The extracted winds are coded into World Meteorological Organization (WMO) formats (SATOB) and transmitted to the Forecast Department of the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) via ADESS within three hours after Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) observation. These winds are used as the initial data for numerical weather prediction and also used as the basic data for typhoon analysis, and are transmitted to world-wide users via Global Telecommunications System (GTS). The details of the current cloud motion wind derivation system at the MSC are described. Author from Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) images by using man-machine interactive processing in Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC) computer system. First is center information with the center position, movement and accuracy; second is intensity information with Cl number and size of cloud system; and last is cloud parameter of the tropical cyclone corresponding to the gale force area (wind speed more than 30 knots) and the storm force area (wind speed more than 50 knots). The information corresponding to center and intensity of tropical cyclones are reported by SAREP (WMO international codes FM85-IX) on the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). The cloud parameters of tropical cyclone are reported to the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) forecast division via facsimile telegraph. Author N91-10367# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). c47 Tokuei Uchiyama In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 2: Data Processing Mar. 1989 p 109-111 In JAPANESE; ENGLISH summary (For primary document see N91-10356 01-42) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 Sequestial cloud images are recorded periodically on video tape for archiving and nephanalysis. Three kinds of hourly IR images are recorded on video tapes: full disk image, partial enlargement of full disk image in Northern Hemisphere, and polar-stereographic image in Northern Hemisphere. Analysts can watch cloud image animation repeatedly for nephanalysis by replaying video tape. Cloud images copied in cassette tape from archiving video tape are used widely for long range forecast and research. Author N91-10368# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) histogram data, which consists of a one-dimensional histogram of IR or VIS radiance, is the primary earth-located VISSR data. The processed area is from 60 degrees N to 60 degrees S and from 80 degrees E to 160 degrees W. The VISSR image in the processed area is divided into 230,400 (480 x 480) segments with the regular intervals of 0.25 degrees latitude and 0.25 degrees longitude. The maximum level, the minimum level, and each pixel between the minimum and maximum level are calculated at each segment. The 480 histograms of the same latitude are ordered from west to east and the same latitudinal histograms are ordered from north to south. Author Kazuhiro Oosawa In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical The radiation with a wave-length of 3 to 100 microns emitted from the earth-atmosphere system is called Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and imparts useful information to evaluate the earth's radiation budget. While the radiation observed by the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) is limited in the infrared window region (10.5 to 12.5 microns), it is impossible to determine the OLR flux exactly. Brightness temperature represents approximately OLR flux. Meterological Satellite Center (MSC) calculates average brightness temperature in every 2.5 degrees on the latitude/longitude grid. The contour maps of 5-day, monthly and past 3-month mean brightness temperature are produced and disseminated to the Long-range Forecast Division of the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) via ADESS. Author N91-10370# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). C46 It has been well recognized that latent heat with condensation of water vapor plays an important role in large scale atmospheric circulations. The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) was planned as a part of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) in 1984, and aims to estimate the spatial and temporal average of global precipitation. MSC has been producing the histogram data sets of Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) infrared radiance and their statistics since March 1984 and has been providing those data to the GPCP on a routine basis since March 1987. The data are sent to Geostationary Satellite Precipitation Data Center (GSPDC) to produce estimates of area-averaged monthly precipitation totals. Author N91-10371# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). C47 The cloud algorithm, which consists of clear sky radiance retrieval and cloud parameter retrieval, is based on Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) histogram data and clear sky radiance data which are produced at 0.25 degrees latitude by 0.25 degrees longitude segment in the area from 60 degrees N to 60 degrees S and 80 degrees E to 160 degrees W. Two correlative data are used. One is the modified profile of temperature which is theoretically calculated from output data of the numerical prediction model. Another is surface type classification data which is produced from the one year's data set of clear sky brightness temperatures from November 1984 to October 1985. The retrieved parameters (clear sky radiance, cloud amount and cloud top height), statistics of radiance data (mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, and mode of brightness temperature and albedo), and other data (the output code of the retrieval, land/sea flag, viewing geometry of a satellite and the sun) are stored in the cloud grid data. Author Hideyuki Sasaki In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is theoretically estimated from the analyzed clear sky brightness temperature by the following steps. The first step is to correct an atmospheric attenuation from output data of the numerical prediction model using a radiative transfer model. This step is processed at 0.25 degrees latitude by 0.25 degrees longitude segment with 3-hour interval. The second step is to calculate 5-day or 10-day mean SST at 1 degree latitude by 1 degree longitude segment from SST of the first step. The third step is to check the quality of 5-day or 10-day mean SST using climatical SST. The last step is to produce the monthly mean SST from 10-day mean SST. Author Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) infrared data in every 1 degree latitude/longitude grid. Anomaly of cloud amount was calculated from the normal value based on 9-years of GMS cloud amount data since July 1988. The contour maps of 5-day, monthly and past 3-month mean cloud amount and cloud amount anomaly are produced and disseminated. These data impart useful information for watching the climate system. Author C43 N91-10374# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). The Satellite Cloud Information Chart (SCIC) is designed to represent horizontal and vertical cloud distribution for domestic users. This is mainly used for short-range weather forecasting and aviational forecasting. SCIC is calculated by using Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) infrared data. There are two kinds of SCIC: one is the Satellite Cloud Information Chart in the Vicinity of Japan (SCIC-VJ); and the other is the Satellite Cloud Information Chart Far East (SCIC-FE). Cloud distribution in the SCIC-VJ is depicted with the combination of the mean Tbb contour lines, the hatched patterns of the maximum or minimum Tbb values. Symbols representing cloud types, developing/ weakening and movement of cloud systems, and cloud patterns are added by man-machine interactive operation. SCIC-VJ is a chart of polar stereographic projection around Japan and the scale of mapping is 1/10,000,000. SCIC-VJ is disseminated 3-hourly to the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) meteorological observatories and relevant institutions within 45 minutes after the satellite observations by the coded digital facsimile (CDF). Cloud distribution in the SCIC-FE is depicted with the cloud top height contour lines in feet and the hatched patterns of the categorized cloud area. SCIC-FE is a chart of Mercator projection and covers an area from equator to 60 degrees N and from 90 degree E to 170 degrees W. The scale of mapping is 1/25,000,000. SCIC-FE is disseminated 3-hourly within 50 minutes after the satellite observations by CDF. Author Motoyasu Satoh In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical The DCS is one of the Missions of the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS). This is the system which collects the environmental data on a real-time basis from Data Collection Platforms (DCP) installed at remote stations, ships, buoys and aircraft under wide ratio view of GMS. The data collected by the system are utilized in the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) and in other domestic organizations, and are distributed to worldwide users through the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). The other Geostationary Satellites, namely, GOES East/West (U.S.A.) and METEOSAT (E.S.A) also collect the environmental data from their areas of responsibility. The international coordination between each satellite's data collection service are made at the conference of, The Coordination on Geostationary Meteorological Satellites (CGMS), which will be held each year. Here, the methods of DCP data processing at the Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC), are explained, and developments of DCS/DCP with their recent trends are introduced. Author N91-10376# Joint Publications Research Service, Arlington, VA. JPRS REPORT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. USSR: EARTH SCIENCES 19 Mar. 1990 98 p Transl. into ENGLISH from various Russian articles (JPRS-UES-90-006-L) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A05 (NASA-TM-102910; NAS 1.15:102910) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 CSCL 05B An overview of the Earth Observing System (EOS) including goals and requirements is given. Its role in the U.S. Global Change Research Program and the International--Biosphere Program is addressed. The EOS mission requirements, science, fellowship program, data and information systems architecture, data policy, space measurement, and mission elements are presented along with the management of EOS. Descriptions of the facility instruments, instrument investigations, and interdisciplinary investigations are also present. The role of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the mission is mentioned. (NASA-CR-186953; NAS 1.26:186953) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A03 CSCL 08B SOILSIM, a digital model of energy and moisture fluxes in the soil and above the soil surface, is presented. It simulates the time evolution of soil temperature and moisture, temperature of the soil surface and plant canopy the above surface, and the fluxes of sensible and latent heat into the atmosphere in response to surface weather conditions. The model is driven by simple weather observations including wind speed, air temperature, air humidity, and incident radiation. The model intended to be useful in conjunction with remotely sensed information of the land surface state, such as surface brightness temperature and soil moisture, for computing wide area evapotranspiration. Author N91-10380# (France). Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse GEOID AND DOPPLER INDUCED ERRORS ON THE HC/MF A03 Doppler induced bias on altimetric measurement is studied. The Doppler effect is due to the relative velocity between the satellite and the points observed at the sea surface. A frame is defined and the radial velocities are computed. The effect of the measurement is estimated. The geometric effect and the Doppler effect are calculated. Corrections of errors are proposed. It is shown that the Doppler effect requires only the knowledge of the height derivative which is provided by the altimeter tracker. The geometric effect related to the geoid slopes can be large and requires the knowledge of the total slope of the geoid versus the ellipsoid, as well as a precise satellite horizontal localization. ESA N91-10361# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). FAX IMAGE PROCESSING Yoshishige Shirakawa In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical Note. Special Issue (1989). Summary of GMS System. 2: Data Processing Mar. 1989 p 53-65 In JAPANESE; ENGLISH summary (For primary document see N91-10356 01-42) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 N91-10374# Meteorological Satellite Center, Tokyo (Japan). Tadashi Aso In its Meteorological Satellite Center Technical 44 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION Includes specific energy conversion systems, e.g., fuel cells; global sources of energy; geophysical conversion; and windpower. For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power, 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power, and 28 Propellants and Fuels. N91-10381# Eltron Research, Inc., Aurora, IL. METHANE CONVERSION BY SOLID ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES Annual Report, 1 Jan. - 31 Dec. 1989 Anthony F. Sammells, Ronald L. Cook, and Wayne L. Worrel (Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia.) Apr. 1990 34 p (Contract GRI-5089-260-1824) (PB90-226341; GRI-90/0136) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A03 CSCL 10A The work has resulted in the identification of a new strategy for predicting perovskite solid electrolytes with the potential for achieving high ionic conductivities at intermediate temperatures. This approach is based in part upon identification of a clear relationship between the activation energy for ionic conduction in perovskite solid electrolytes and the free volume of their lattice structures, where free volume is defined as the difference between the volume of the perovskite crystallographic unit cell and the volumes occupied by the constituent ions resident at lattice sites. Other restrictions incorporated towards selection of perovskite solid electrolytes included: avoiding ionic radii mismatch between dopants and the ionic species they replace, and ensuring that the aliovalent dopant concentration within the perovskite lattice is below a level where introduced lattice vacancies become ordered, resulting in a decrease in ionic conductivity. This has resulted in the fabrication and preliminary testing of fuel cells operating at intermediate temperatures. GRA |