Reactive nitrogen compounds, carbon monoxide, and ozone were measured over the central United States. Vertical profiles of reactive nitrogen compounds show dramatic perturbations due to the effects of violent convective activity. The photolysis rate coefficients of several alkyl nitrates (RONO2) to NO2 and the alkoxy radical were measured directly with a chemiluminescence detector. The rate of removal of RONO2 from the troposphere is dominated by photolysis and reaction with the hydroxyl radical. Overall lifetimes of RONO2 are of the order of weeks, making RONO2 important reservoir species whose photolysis may enhance the rate of photochemical ozone production in the remote troposphere. Dissert. Abstr. N91-12160 Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD. Arturo Trujillo-Ventura 1990 195 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. DA9030260 Objective functions are introduced that provide metrics for the spatial coverage of the network and its ability to detect violation of standards for multiple pollutants. An additional objective regarding robustness of the design is also considered. The use of multiobjective programming techniques allows the designer to generate a series of noninferior solutions until a best compromise solution is found. The numerical difficulties presented by such a formulation are discussed and solutions are proposed that are cost-effective. Variants of the basic design, such as the absence of the measuring instruments for a certain pollutant in one or several of the stations are also allowed. Furthermore, the model provides information about which instrument can be eliminated with minimum loss of information. The definitions adopted for the objective functions yield great flexibility of the model. In particular, three extensions of the basic model dealing with common practical situations are also presented: (1) for the case where there are notable seasonal variations in air pollution patterns; (2) for the situations where certain areas of the domain monitored are unavailable to locate measurement stations; and (3) for cases where the network designed is the expansion of an already existing system. The basic model and its extensions are applied to the design of a network in the area surrounding Tarragona (Spain). Dissert. Abstr. KINETICS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE REACTIONS Final Rainer Johnsen 19 Apr. 1990 26 p (AD-A225269; WRDC-TR-90-2024) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A03 CSCL 07/3 Rate coefficients and production yields were determined for ion-molecule reactions of several atmospheric ions with dimethyl-methlphosphonate (DMMP). The measurements were carried out using a selected-ion drift-tube mass spectrometer. Most reactions are found to proceed by dissociative charge transfer. Those of nitric oxide ions in the electronic ground state occur by three-body association, those of hydronium ions occur by proton transfer. GRA LCM data interpretations. The sampling method must give reproducible results under difficult field conditions of rapidly changing environmental parameters. A series of trials were conducted to evaluate the Dichotomous Sampler (DS) as a device for the sampling of biological aerosols and to assess its potential for the estimation of biological aerosol concentrations during LCM trials. Sampled biological aerosols were enumerated as viable cells and provided reliable estimates of viable aerosol concentrations with respect to time. Interpretation of DS and LCM data demonstrated a relationship between cell concentrations and depolarization signal ratios which suggests that this technique has potential for remote biological aerosol detection at the 200 to 400 viable spores/liter level. GRA N91-12163# Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN. Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry. A TOLUENE MODEL FOR HYDROCARBON RISK ASSESSMENT Final Technical Report, 1 Jan. - 31 Dec. 1989 James Morre 29 May 1990 8 p (Grant AF-AFOSR-0219-89; AF Proj. 2312) (AD-A225358; AFOSR-90-0811TR) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A02 CSCL 21/4 This project was for continuation of research to investigate the molecular mode of action of a membrane-active hydrocarbon, toluene, potentially present in the Air Force environment as a flight fuel component or from other sources and to serve as a model for other membrane-active molecules in the environment. Two important target sites were identified where rapid dose-dependent but reversible changes in the membrane organization occurred at low dose levels. One of these was at the plasma membrane where the ability of the membrane to form protuberances was severely compromised. The other concerned a failure to form protuberances by membranes involved in internal trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. This step was reproduced in a cell-free system making detailed studies possible. The toluene inhibited step was identified as dependent on ATP hydrolysis. The involved ATPase activity was characterized, solubilized and partially purified. GRA N91-12477*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. James E. Hansen, Andrew A. Lacis, and Reto A. Ruedy In Avail: NTIS HC/MF A16 CSCL 13B N91-12478*# National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO. Aeronomy Lab. SOLAR ACTIVITY AND THE SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE RECORD-EVIDENCE OF A LONG-PERIOD VARIATION IN SOLAR TOTAL IRRADIANCE George C. Reid In NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Climate Impact of Solar Variability Aug. 1990 p 146-148 (For primary document see N91-12456 03-92) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A16 CSCL 13B N91-12479*# Climate Analysis Center, Washington, DC. Avail: NTIS HC/MF A16 CSCL 13B N91-12480*# Arizona Univ., Tucson. Lunar and Planetary Lab. A MECHANISM INVOLVING SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET VARIATIONS FOR MODULATING THE INTERANNUAL CLIMATOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE N91-12164 Florida State Univ., Tallahassee. ON THE DECADAL MODES OF OSCILLATION OF AN Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. DA9023923 Axially-symmetric, linear modes of global, primitive equation, ocean-atmosphere models are examined to see if they contain decadal oscillation time scale modes. A two-layer model of the global ocean and a two-level model of the global atmosphere are formulated. Both models are linearized about axially-symmetric basic states containing mean meridional circulations in the ocean and the atmosphere. The linearized perturbation system is solved as an eigenvalue problem. Uncoupled, axially-symmetric modes of oscillation of the ocean and the atmosphere are calculated. Axially-symmetric modes of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system are also calculated. Sensitivity of the results to various physical processes and parameter values are examined. Dissert. Abstr. N91-12165# American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. (Contract DE-FG05-90ER-60954) (DE90-017458; DOE/ER-60954/1; CONF-8810430; A workshop on atmospheric processes over complex terrain, sponsored by the American Meteorological Society, was convened in Park City, Utah from 24 vto 28 October 1988. The overall objective of the workshop was one of interaction and synthesis--interaction among atmospheric scientists carrying out research on a variety of orographic flow problems, and a synthesis of their results and points of view into an assessment of the current status of topical research problems. The final day of the workshop was devoted to an open discussion on the research directions that could be anticipated in the next decade because of new and planned instrumentation and observational networks, the recent emphasis on development of mesoscale numerical models, and continual theoretical investigations of thermally forced flows, orographic waves, and stratified turbulence. This monograph represents an outgrowth of the Park City Workshop. The authors have contributed chapters based on their lecture material. Workshop discussions indicated interest in both the remote sensing and predictability of orographic flows. These chapters were solicited following the workshop in order to provide a more balanced view of current progress and future directions in research on atmospheric processes over complex terrain. DOE N91-12166# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). MONITORING OF WATER MASERS FROM IRAS SOURCES B. SestokasFilho and E. Scalise, Jr. May 1990 8 p Presented at the VI Regional Latin-American of the IAU Submitted for publication (INPE-5055-PRE/1588) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A02 Twenty-three water vapor masers in the direction of IRAS sources in the Southern Hemisphere had their intensities monitored systematically at Itapetinga Radio Observatory. These masers were detected in four surveys in which each run had different selection criteria. The IRAS fluxes analysis and the shape of the spectra of these masers suggest that the objects are associated with premain sequence stars, still surrounded by the dust cocoon. Almost all sources presented drastic changes in the overall spectral line distribution in their spectra. Author = The geodesic curves of the homogeneous Goedel-typespace-times, which constitute a two-parameter (I and omega) class of solutions presented to several theories of gravitation (general relativity, Einstein-Cartan, and higher derivative) are investigated. The qualitative properties of those curves by means of the introduction of an effective potential and then accomplish the analytical integration of the equations of motion are examined. It is shown that some of the qualitative features of the free motion in Godel's universe (I squared 2 omega squared) are preserved in all space-times, namely the projections of the geodesics onto the 2-surface (r,psi) are simple closed curves, and the geodesics for which the ratio of asymuthal angular momentum to total energy, upsilon, is equal to zero, always cross the origin r 0. However, two neq cases appear: radially unbounded geodesics with upsilon assuming any (real) value, which may occur only for the causal space-times (I squared is greater than or equal to 4 omega squared), and geodesics with upsilon bounded both below and above, which always occur for the circular family (I squared is less than 0) or space-times. = N91-12169 Florida State Univ., Tallahassee. DOE SATELLITE PERSPECTIVE Ph.D. Thesis Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. DA9027804 The two dimensional 5 year mean energy transport potential function, based on the Nimbus-7 ERB (Earth Radiation Budget) measurements, shows an east-west coupled dipole structure in which North Africa is the major energy sink and the western Pacific is the major energy source. In conjunction with the dipole, the cross-meridional transports are up to 30 percent of the tropical north-south transports. This is the main justification for the importance of the east-west energy transport. The separation of the required energy transport into oceanic and atmospheric components based on the maximum entropy production reveals that cross-meridional energy transports in the oceanic areas are mainly achieved by the ocean fluid. Cloud-radiation feedback shows that cloud-induced long wave warming (cloud greenhouse influence) is dominant over the tropics whereas cloud-induced short wave cooling (cloud albedo influence) is dominant in the mid- and high-latitudes. These differential distributions result in a global net cloud cooling effect of -2.1 W m(exp -2). Dissert. Abstr. N91-12170 Texas A&M Univ., College Station. THE INITIATION AND TERMINATION OF PERSISTENT ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA IN A LOW-ORDER SPECTRAL MODEL Ph.D. Thesis Laura Scott Kennedy 1990 133 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. DA9027233 Regime behavior is investigated in a highly-truncated baroclinic spectral model with topography, frictional dissipation, and Newtonian cooling. Regimes are defined as the restriction of solution trajectories to isolated regions of phase space. 'Trough regime' initiation is characterized by the retrogression of the largest scale wave into its preferred location upstream of the orographic ridge during periods of weak zonal winds. Prior to regime initiation, the wave typically amplifies, often due to topographic instability. Regime termination normally occurs as a synoptic-scale wave amplifies. Wave-wave interaction between the synoptic-scale and the large-scale wave is a requirement for regime termination; if this interaction is removed, regime transitions do not occur. Thus regime behavior, in this simple model, is understood in terms of pure Rossby wave dynamics, modified preferentially by ambient conditions. Large orographic scale waves entering the regime domain encounter weak westerlies permitting slow retrogression and weak baroclinicity, implying persistence much more frequently than would be expected by chance; no other features occur persistently with regime transition. Dissert. Abstr. N91-12171# Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA. Avail: NTIS HC/MF A06 CSCL 20/13 This document provides an introduction for the non-specialist to the physics of dissociating and ionizing air in the temperature range from 1000 to 12,000 K. Topics addressed include the equilibrium composition and radiative properties of air under these conditions together with an indication of when and how the assumptions of equilibrium tend to break down. A preliminary discussion is given of applications to missile reentry, to nuclear fireballs, and to the physics of the upper atmosphere. GRA N91-12172# Boston Univ., MA. Center for Space Physics. (AD-A225045) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A01 CSCL 04/1 In progress is a major study of the effect of the ring current on the sub-auroral and equatorial generation of patches of irregularities. In addition studies are on-going for determining the dynamics of electric field penetration in latitude with the start of a major geomagnetic storm. For the first time simultaneous observations of irregularities at high and equatorial latitudes were utilized. The studies use scintillation and spread F data as well as optical observations for data from 1971 to 1989. Two basic concepts are being studied. With the statistics of morphology of F-layer irregularities now in hand, it is possible to forecast in broad terms what to expect at equatorial, auroral and polar latitudes during various levels of solar flux. With the beginning of an understanding of the effect of the various phases of magnetic storms on generating irregularities as noted from the solar wind, ring current, convection, auroral index, and magnetic index parameters, it is possible to roughly forecast levels of F-layer irregularity intensity. With these in hand, the utility of space, time, and frequency diversity can be evaluated. Diversity could be used if forecasting in real time was possible. GRA STUDY TO DETERMINE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SONIC BOOM-COUPLED RAYLEIGH WAVES Final Report, 6 Nov. 1989-26 Apr. 1990 Mark R. Legg and Jerold M. Haber May 1990 50 p (Contract F33615-86-C-0530) (AD-A225105; HSD-TP-90-026) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A03 CSCL 08/11 A literature search was performed regarding the seismic effects of sonic booms with emphasis on the coupled Rayleigh wave resonance phenomenon. The literature search covered 3 primary sources of information: (1) Air Force Environmental Impact Assessment Documents, (2) litigation and claims, and (3) open scientific literature. The literature regarding sonic boom structural damage was reviewed under Task Order 0010. The investigations of seismic waves induced by sonic booms found the amplitudes of the ground motion insufficient to damage structures. Few instances were reported, however, where the actual resonant conditions of the sonic boom-coupled Rayleigh wave were observed. The ground motion amplification accompanying the resonance documented in these cases did not reach damaging levels. Nevertheless, it is theoretically possible that conditions exist which could result in damaging levels of ground shaking. In order to define under what specific conditions, if any, such resonance could occur, an additional literature review was conducted. GRA (Grant DFG-Ho-858/1-5) (Bonn-IR-90-03; ISSN-0172-8741; ETN-90-97873) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A10 A special feature of the atmospheric sodium layer, the so called Sudden Sodium Layers (SSL), which were observed with an Na lidar instrument at Andenes, Norway is studied. SSL occurs if, in a narrow altitude range (typically less than 2 km) the NA density increases over the normal Na density by a factor of at least 2, within 5 minutes. The SSL observed have the following properties: they develop between 90 and 100 km altitude; they develop between 20 and 02 LT; their appearance shows a strong positive correlation with that of f-type sporadic E layers; their appearance does not show a strong correlation with either riometer absorption or meteor showers; the temporal and spatial structures reveal a significant but complicated influence of wave activity. Potential SSL formation processes are discussed, including the meteor-tide-mechanism, the dust aurora mechanism, the Na+ conversion mechanism, the gravity wave mechanism, and a potential influence of Na chemistry. ESA (Bonn-IR-90-20; ISSN-0172-8741; ETN-90-97905) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A07 A lidar experiment under construction which measures temperature and aerosol content in the arctic stratosphere is addressed. Light pulses emitted by a laser and backscattered in the atmosphere are to be spectrally analyzed in the receiving branch with a Fabry Perot interferometer. The required band pass constrains the maximum permitted divergence of rays in the receiver and requires a careful estimate of the effect by all optical elements. A ray tracing program was used to calculate location and divergence of the beam passing through the optical elements of the receiver. Spots of the laserbeam in 8, 13, and 60 km altitude were selected as sources for modeling the beam path. Position, angle of incidence, and refractive or reflection properties of all optical elements were optimized with respect to temperature measurements in the ozone layer and the physical space available in the observatory building for placing the receiver bench. ESA N91-12176# Technische Univ., Delft (Netherlands). Faculty of GRAVITY RECOVERY FROM SATELLITE GRADIOMETRY D. Stelpstra Apr. 1990 75 p (ETN-90-98140) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A04 In satellite gradiometry the second order derivatives of the Earth's potential with respect to coordinates are measured. A set of simulated observations is used to perform a high degree and order global spherical harmonic analysis. The observations are preprocessed by averaging to form a constant radius, equiangular grid. Several more advanced procedures for obtaining such a grid are evaluated, but not used in the final adjustment. The observation equations and the normal equations are derived. By using the orthogonality relations of (co)-sine series and the symmetry of the grid it is shown the normal matrix is block structured. This can be effectively solved by Choleski decomposition. This algorithm was implemented on a CONVEX vector processor. The procedure gives good recovery of gravity for high degree and order global spherical harmonic analysis, although some not yet explained effects occur. ESA N91-12177# Technische Univ., Delft (Netherlands). Faculty of GRAVITY MEASUREMENT, PROCESSING AND EVALUATION: A general overview of the process of the measurement and the adjustment of a gravity network and the computation of some output parameters of gravimetry, gravity values, gravity anomalies and mean block anomalies, is given. An overview of developments in gravimetry, globally and in the Netherlands, until now is given. The basic theory of relative gravity measurements is studied and a description of the most commonly used instrument, the LaCoste and Romberg gravimeter is given. The surveys done in the scope of this study are descibed. A more detailed impression of the adjustment procedure and the results of the adjustment are given. A closer look is taken at the more geophysical side of gravimetry: gravity reduction, the computation of anomalies and the correlation with elevation. The interpolation of gravity and the covariance of gravity anomalies are addressed. ESA 47 METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY Includes weather forecasting and modification. N91-12178 Wyoming Univ., Laramie. MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE REACTION RATES IN Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. DA9016668 Releases of SO2 into the wintertime orographic clouds at Elk Mountain in southeastern Wyoming were utilized to accelerate the rate of SO2 oxidation to cloud-water dissolved sulfate (SO4(-2)). Background SO2 mixing ratios were 0.6 parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) and were consistent with the remote location of the experimental site and with supplemental cloud water, snow, and aerosol composition measurements. Background mixing ratios of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the organohydroperoxides, expressed as methyl hydroperoxide (MHP), were 0.15 and 0.17 ppbv, respectively. The concentration of H2O2 in cloud water, obtained as rime, was also monitored. Analysis of these findings suggests that both reactive loss of H2O2 and volatilization during riming are mechanisms for H2O2 loss. The pseudo first-order SO2 depletion rates varied between 2 and 72 percent /hr (x=32 plus or minus 22 percent/hr, n=10). Observed depletions of H202 (x=0.030 ppbv) were consistent with observed yields of SO4(-2) (x=0.027 ppbv) and with model predictions. Observed depletions of MHP were not significantly different from 0.0 ppbv. This observation is both consistent with the much smaller solubility of MHP, compared with H2O2, and with the results of 16 model simulations. Reactions between dissolved SO2 and 03, between SO2 and O2, and between SO2 and HCHO were calculated to contribute less than 40 percent to the total amount of SO4(-2). These reactions were inferred to be inhibited by the low pH (less than 5) of the Elk Mountain cloud water. It is concluded that H2O2 is the dominant SO2 oxidant in these clouds, and that the laboratory measurements form an adequate basis for predicting the rate of in-cloud oxidation of SO2 by H2O2. Dissert. Abstr. Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. BRDX88936 Daily samples of atmospheric aerosol were collected by high volume sampler on Whatman 41 filters at a coastal site in south east England for one year. Elemental analysis was undertaken by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for trace elements and by ion chromatography for nitrate, sulfate and chloride. Reflectometry was used to analyze carbon soot. The concentration of the analyzed elements and species were used to assess their mean concentration, their variability and the controlling factors. By using iron as the normalizing element and calculating enrichment factors, it is shown that the main components of the aerosol are crustal, marine and anthropogenic. Using a classification based on air mass trajectories (at 850mb and 700mb), wind fields, and weather types, it is shown that concentrations are highest in air arriving at the site from the east, in particular from Eastern Europe. Both this information and the principle component analysis results lead to the conclusion that the major factors controlling concentrations are meteorological. Aerosol samples collected on nucleopore filters were used for individual particle analysis. The analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy interfaced with an energy dispersive x ray analyzer (EDAX), for shape, size distribution, elemental composition, and semi-quantitatively for elemental concentration. The results provide basic information on the physical and chemical properties of the aerosol as well as on their source. The results are consistent with those obtained from the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) bulk analysis. N91-12180 Wyoming Univ., Laramie. Dissert. Abstr. A NUMERICAL STUDY OF PRECIPITATION PROCESSES IN STABLE OROGRAPHIC STORMS Ph.D. Thesis Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. DA9016666 A numerical model was developed to retrieve the microphysical and precipitation process of clouds utilizing the kinematic fields obtained from Doppler radar. This model uses parameterized bulk microphysics in which the water condensate is divided into three classes: cloud water, rain, and snow. The model was applied to a deep, stable orographic storm over the Sierra Nevada. The simulations indicated that these storms precipitate with a 90 percent efficiency. The time scale for a parcel to traverse the barrier is sufficiently long for precipitation processes to be effective. Modifying parameters in the model merely shifts the relative importance of various processes and has little effect on the precipitation efficiency. Only by shortening the parcel transit time, such as by increasing the wind velocity, does the precipitation efficiency decrease. The predicted ice particle spectra from the model agree quite well with the actual spectra from the Wyoming King Air aircraft through most of the interior of the cloud. The spectra does not agree as well near the cloud edges. Dissert. Abstr. N91-12181# Chicago Univ., IL. Dept. of Geophysical Sciences. CYCLONES AND CYCLOGENESIS OVER NORTH PACIFIC, NORTH ATLANTIC, ARCTIC OCEAN, AND THEIR UPWIND CONTINENTS Final Report T. Theodore Fujita 8 Jul. 1990 10 p (Contract N00014-84-C-0513) (AD-A225168) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A02 CSCL 04/2 For determining seasonal and annual variations of cyclone activities in the Northern Hemisphere, over 500 cyclones in National Meteorological Center (NMC) and Japanese surface maps were examined and their 6-hourly parameters were determined for generating the Northern Hemisphere Cyclone Tape. The cyclone tape, covering a five year period, June 1981 to May 1986 was generated under this contract. Produced from this tape are five Volumes of annual reports showing monthly, seasonal, and annual distributions of cyclone parameters depicted by red-colored cyclone parameters superimposed upon green-colored base maps. GRA N91-12182# European Space Agency, Paris (France). Directorate Colin Flood, Hartmut Grassl, Gerard Megie (Centre National de la An outline specification of a suitable spaceborne instrument to measure atmospheric parameters such as vertical temperature profiles, cloud cover and water vapor content was aimed for. ATLID (Atmospheric Lidar) which is a spaceborne backscatter lidar to be placed in a polar orbit, was studied. System capabilities, applications for ATLID, user requirements and their implications on system design are presented. Recommended actions from the main conclusion of high interest in meteorology, climatology, and environmental research are given. N91-12183# Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. COMPARISON OF THE DYNAMICS OF A LAND VERSUS OCEANIC EXPLOSIVE CYCLONE M.S. Thesis 72 P January 1989. The NMC Spectral Model and GOES imagery are employed to describe the development of this storm. Upper-level vorticity, divergence and jet streak placement are examined along with low-level thermal advection, boundary layer heating and static stability for each storm. Results indicate that the land and ocean storms have similar magnitude upper-level divergence associated with 300 mb jet streaks, however, they evolve differently. At low-levels, there are equal contributions in the land case. The initial static stability was low for both cyclones, however, the ocean case maintained low static stability and this appears to be a major factor in determining the depth and speed of rapid cyclone developement. GRA ESA Michael E. Kreyenhagen Dec. 1989 (AD-A225529) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A04 CSCL 04/2 Two explosively developing cyclones are analyzed and compared using a similar diagnostic approach. A continental cyclone developed over the U.S. Mid-west during 14 to 17 November 1988 and was analyzed using NMC (Nested Grid model) analysis fields and GOES IR imagery. A maritime cyclone rapidly developed over the western North Atlantic Ocean during 3 to 5 |