43 EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING Includes remote sensing of earth resources by aircraft and spacecraft; photogrammetry; and aerial photography. For instrumentation see 35 Instrumentation and Photography. N91-12134# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). UTILIZATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN GEOLOGICAL AND SEMIDETAILED WORK IN THE QUADRILATERO FERRIFERO REGION, MG M.S. Thesis, 26 Nov. 1986 [UTILIZACAO DE TECNICAS DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO EM TRABALHO GEOLOGICO DE SEMIDETALHE NA REGIAO DO QUADRILATERO FERRIFERO MG] Apr. 1987 135 P In PORTUGUESE; Maria daGloriaAlves This work applied photointerpretation technique, by using multiple scale products, for geologic-structural, regional, and semidetailed mapping in the east part of Quadrilatero Ferrifero (MG). The region presents geoscientific interest and geoeconomic importance due to the occurrence of iron ore, gold, and manganese. The products of remote sensors used, owing to their adequacy for the objectives of the work, were: normal color and infrared false-color aerial photographs of Mission 96; TM imagery (orbital) in bands 3, 4, 5, and 7; and magnetic tape with data from LANDSAT. The methodology used is based on a sequence of steps that show the logic and systematics under which the textural properties of relief and drainage features are analyzed. As a result, geologic-structural mays were drawn on the scale of 1:100,000 (based on TM imagery information) and 1:50,000 (based on aerial photographs). The use of TM/LANDSAT imagery on the scale of 1:100,000 allowed the individualization of most of geological units and made their regional structural behavior recognition easier. The use of aerial photographs added information to the visual interpretation obtained with TM imagery, since more subunits were differentiated and delimitated with this product in the Espinhaco, Minas, Rio das Velhas Supergroups, and Migmatitic-Granulitic complex of MG than with the TM imagery. The digital analysis was an additional mean that pointed out some geological features and completed the visual interpretation made with the visual interpretation made with the original TM imagery. Through the analysis of the products used and specific field data, it was possible to reach the individualization of the Magmatitic-Granulitic Complex of MG, the eastern continuations of Rio das Velhas Greenstone Belt, erosion relicts in Minas and Espinhaco Supergroups, ultramafic and basaltic metamagmatitos, and magmatitos and alluvion deposits. N91-12135 Bristol Univ. (England). Author USE OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD AND RAINFALL FOR SELECTED OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS IN THE FIELDS OF APPLIED HYDROLOGY AND FOOD PRODUCTION Ph.D. Thesis Clare Power 1989 588 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. BRDX89379 The use of satellite remote sensing techniques for selected applications in the fields of cloud, rainfall, vegetation and food production monitoring and assessment was studied. Detailed literature reviews were carried out on remote sensing techniques in these fields. Five different and contrasting satellite rainfall monitoring techniques were examined using visible and/or infrared imagery, three applied over the Sultanate of Oman and two over West Africa. The case studies applied over the Sultanate of Oman show a range of techniques from manual nephanalyses of Potential Rain Clouds and the derivation of a 20 year record of Tropical Cyclone tracks over the Arabian Sea, to the manual Bristol rainfall monitoring technique and its human-machine interactive successor BIAS, which are applicable to the analysis of short term extreme rainfall events. The remaining two techniques Polar-orbiter Effective Rainfall Monitoring Technique (PERMIT) and Agricultural Drought Monitoring Integrated Technique (ADMIT) were developed simultaneously over West Africa. The development, testing on data from July and August 1985 and July 1986, and subsequent modification of the PERMIT technique is described. The 1986 Case Study results were compared with the ADMIT results from the same data set. PERMIT was designed to be an economic, automatic rainfall estimation technique suitable for use in environments where computer facilities are limited. Finally the PERMIT rainfall products were compared with contemporaneous NOAA AVHRR Normalized Vegetation Index monthly composites. The main conclusion drawn from this research is that there is an urgent need for simple but effective rainfall and vegetation monitoring systems such as PERMIT, to be implemented operationally on low cost portable microcomputer systems. DC.) 1990 19 p (Grant NAG5-913) (NASA-CR-187365; NAS 1.26:187365) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A03 CSCL 08B Surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat over a tall-grass prairie in central Kansas, as measured by 22 surface stations during FIFE 1987, are compared with values gained indirectly by linear extrapolation of aircraft-measured flux profiles to the surface. The results of 33 such comparisons covering the period 26 June to 13 October 1987 indicate that the sensible heat flux profiles were generally more linear with less scatter in the measurements at each level than were the latent heat flux profiles, the profile extrapolations of sensible heat flux in general underestimate the surface averages by about 30 percent, with slightly better agreement during periods of small flux, and the profile extrapolations of latent heat flux in general underestimate the surface averages by about 15 percent, with overestimates during periods of small fluxes (dry conditions) and overestimates during periods of large fluxes (moist conditions). Possible origins of the differences between the two sets of measurements are discussed, as directions for further research. Author N91-12137# Campos (Brazil). STUDY OF DATA INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES FOR GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN THE IGUARACI (PE) REGION [ESTUDOS DE TECNICAS DE INTEGRACAO DE DADOS PARA O MAPEAMENTO GEOLOGICO NA REGIAO DE IGUARACI (PE)] Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Sebastiao Milton PinheirodaSilva and Paulo Veneziani May 1990 8 p In PORTUGUESE; ENGLISH summary Presented at the 5th Brazilian Symposium on Remote Sensing, Natal, Brazil, 11-15 Oct. 1988 (INPE-5074-PRE/1593) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A02 The existing geophysical and petrographical data obtained by the basic geological mapping program (PLGB) of DNPM and executed by CPRM in the Iguaraci (PE) region, west of the Mulungu Mountain, called up the integration study of the multispectral TM/LANDSAT-5 and the data for geologic mapping. The study area is the proterozoic lithostratigraphic units including the Pajeu-Paraiba fold system (metavolcanic-sedimentary rocks), and the Archaean metamorphic rocks of the Gneissic-Migmatitic Complex in which the magmatic, granodicritic, and granitic rocks are scattered. The area is characterized by an extreme complexity of metamorphic and structural evolution. The following procedures were used: (1) photointerpretation of the TM/LANDSAT products; (2) digital analysis by band-ratio process; and (3) integration of 1 and 2 with geophysical and petrographical data. The preliminary results demonstrate that the data integration technique is a good CONTRIBUTION OF SATELLITE DATA IN THE CROP Sherry ChouChen May 1990 10 p In PORTUGUESE; ENGLISH (INPE-5087-PRE/1595) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A02 Various studies demonstrated that data obtained from natural resources satellites can be used to improve the quality of agriculture statistics through the regression estimator. Experience acquired from a cooperation project INPE-IBGE, using LANDSAT-TM data for crop forecasting study, is presented. Considerations which have to be taken into account to implement this system operationally are also discussed. Author N91-12139# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). Pedro HernandezFilho and Kleber deFaria Jul. 1990 47 p In (INPE-5115-RPE/626) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A03 The objective of this work is to provide environmental information about indigenous areas (Ananas Ponta da Serra, Cajueiro, Ouro, Araca, Serra da Moca, Recanto da Saudade). The study area is located in Boa Vista, Bonfim, and Alto Alegre municipalities in Roraima Territory, Brazil. The color composite 3, 4 and 5 photographic product, at the scale of 1:50,000 was used. Based on visual analysis of TM/LANDSAT data, several classes of vegetation associated with the land use were defined. The results show the possibilities and limitations of spatial technology to know the land use and environment risk. N91-12140 California Univ., Berkeley. AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSING OF SEA-ICE THICKNESS Ph.D. Thesis Guimin Liu 1989 231 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. DA9028931 Author Because of the resistive nature of sea ice and the conductive nature of sea water, Airborne Electromagnetic (AEM) equipment can be used to map sea-ice thickness in the Arctic. The AEM data can be interpreted to obtain the distance from the antenna to the ice-water interface while a laser device is used to measure the distance to the upper ice surface. The difference of these two quantities then yields the ice thickness. The objective is to develop a method to interpret the data acquired in areas of a rough ice-water interface, especially in regions of ice keels. Algorithm was developed to compute the AEM response for a given irregular ice-water interface using the integral equation approach. Using numerical results it is demonstrated how the AEM response changes with the keel shape and the operation frequency. Then by compiling model data, interpretation charts were constructed to extract ice keel parameters from the observed anomaly associated with a 2-D ice keel. In order to obtain the details of the geometry of an irregular ice-water interface, the theory of Occam's inversion was modified to invert the AEM data. Examples for synthetic and field data show that these methods are successful. Furthermore, the developed methods may be applied in the mapping of a covered conductive basement or in the evaluation of AEM topographic effects. Dissert. Abstr. N91-12142# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Joao VianeiSoares and Rene Bernard et Dani Vidal-Madjar (Centre summary Presented at the 16th Congress of International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Kyoto, Japan, 1-10 Jul. 1988 Submitted for publication (INPE-4608-PRE/1331) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A03 Results are presented from a rural airport sited in La Beauce, France. The spatial properties are examined of superficial layer of humidity (estimated by a C band radar) and surface temperature (obtained by a radiometer at 8 to 12 microns) as well as their relationship to other conditions (humid and arid soil, exposed soil and vegetation covered soil). An agricultural plot is shown which is considered homogeneous in respect to these two measurements. In other respects, repeated measures of these two parameters are related by estimation of hydrological properties of soil. On the basis of 10 days of measurement, it is observed that the drainage properties change in parallel to each other. An estimate is made by making a model of two reservoirs of two properties which give a quantitative measure of their heterogeneity of the observed drainage: pseudodiffusivity and humidity which are representative of the average soil profile. Transl. by E.R. (Contract F19628-85-C-0002) An extensive set of multifrequency (1.25, 5.3 and 9.35 GHz), and in some cases polarimetric airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery was collected by the ERIM/NADC P-3 SAR System. The acronym for this data collection was ALP, which stands for AFWAL/LL/P-3. Test sites are considered which were established to more clearly understand the phenomenology associated with radar detection of targets obscured by vegetation. The test sites consisted of trihedral corner reflectors deployed in six different tree stands. Ground truth collected during this activity includes: (1) ground photography of each site; (2) climatic data for the experiment period; (3) measurement of tree density, diameter, height and placement relative to the target for each site; (4) for some cases, measurement of branch and needle biomass, diameter, angles and length; (5) allometric equations describing N91-12144# Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIRBORNE SEA ICE THICKNESS (AD-A224867; CRREL-89-19) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A04 CSCL 08/12 Recent efforts to improve airborne electromagnetic induction-measurement technology and to downsize the related helicopter-towed antenna assembly from about 7.5 m long to about 3.5 m long for use in airborne measurement of sea ice thickness are discussed, as are the results from arctic field testing. Also outlined are the system noise and drift problems encountered during arctic field evaluation, problems that adversely affected the quality of the sounding data. The sea ice sounding results indicate that it should be possible to determine thickness to within 5 percent for ice floes with moderate relief but that, because of sounding footprint size and current model algorithm constraints, steepsided pressure ridge keels cannot be well defined. The findings also indicate that routine sea ice thickness profiling from an airborne platform is close at hand with further system improvement, as is the apparent capability to determine the conductivity of the sea ice, from which an assessment of sea ice strength can be made. N91-12145# GRA Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen (Germany, F.R.). EXAMINATION AND MAPPING OF FOREST DAMAGES, USING REMOTE SENSING METHODS, PART A Final Report [ABSCHLUSSDOKUMENTATION: UNTERSUCHUNG UND KARTIERUNG VON WALDSCHAEDEN MIT METHODEN DER FERNERKUNDUNG, TEIL A] G. Landauer, ed. and H.-H. Voss 8 Dec. 1989 250 P In GERMAN (ETN-90-97888) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A11 The aim is to develop operational methods for using multispectral scanner data (aircraft, satellite) in order to indentify, classify, and represent (mapping) forest damage, with the long range objective of mapping using remote sensing satellites. The essential operational steps of the partial projects, were: the definition of spectral signals of the forest in connection with damage identification; the classification, according to forest stand and forest damage classes, on the basis of the signals; the mapping and the developing of comprehensive mapping algorithms. ESA N91-12146# Bonn Univ. (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Physik. Wolfgang Schauerte Jun. 1990 130 p In GERMAN; ENGLISH summary (Bonn-IR-90-23; ISSN-0172-8741; ETN-90-97907) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A07 A measuring concept for adjusting the magnet elements of the Electron-Stretcher-Accelerator (ELSA) is presented. It provides the required high accuracy of less than 0.3 mm. To solve the inherent problems, various measuring methods and instruments were used. The criteria of their selection and operation were determined on the basis of extensive pre-investigations and a large scale calibration program. For example, oscillation measurements were carried out at different fix points of the geodetic ELSA-net, in order to find out the influence of disturbing sources (street traffic, cooling machines, heavy duty cranes, etc.). A measuring system is presented which allows these oscillation signals to be measured, stored and analyzed. Investigations on the influence of the magnetic fields on compensators of automatic levels are presented. A calibration unit and different measuring methods were developed to investigate the influence of slight dc and/or ac magnetic fields less than 19 muT on the orientation of the line of collimation. ESA N91-12147# European Space Agency, Paris (France). Conference held in Duc T. Guyenne, ed. Apr. 1990 79 p Deauville, France, 12-15 Feb. 1990; sponsored by ESA, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and French Ministry of Cooperation and Development Original contains color illustrations (ESA-SP-1130; ISBN-92-9092-092-0; ETN-90-97993) Copyright Avail: NTIS HC/MF A05 The development of proposals and recommendations for SAFISY (Space Agency Forum on the International Space Year) education and applications activities was addressed. Objectives, the approach, intended result(s), schedule and organization of the following working groups are presented. Under the theme of training in remote sensing applications: vegetation resources, monitoring and management; geology, natural hazards; urban and environmental planning. Under the theme of space and education: Earth observation in education; space science in education; space communications in education. ESA (BCRS-90-01; ETN-90-97691) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A03 The status of the study of texture characteristics in digital remote sensing pictures of natural vegetations is depicted. The fundamentals of spatial variability and the methods used for its study are outlined. Texture analysis, scale and resolution, and sampling strategy are discussed. The legends of the vegetation maps are presented. The modeling of the scene (describing the Earth surface patterns) and the relation between scene and image are discussed. This scene model allows image simulations. A proposal for pattern extraction from field data with a view to image processing is given. ESA N91-12149# Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen (Germany, F.R.). Abt. Fernerkundung. THEMATIC MAPPER LANDUSE CLASSIFICATION AS A REMOTE SENSING CONTRIBUTION FOR A HYDROLOGIC RUNOFF PREDICTION MODEL Ph.D. Thesis Trier Univ. Stefan Kleeschulte Mar. 1990 128 p In GERMAN; ENGLISH summary Report will also be announced as translation (ESA-TT-1238) Original contains color illustrations (DLR-FB-90-16; ISSN-0171-1342; ETN-90-98040) Copyright Avail: NTIS HC/MF A07; DLR, VB-PL-DO, Postfach 90 60 58, 5000 Cologne, Fed. Republic of Germany, HC 42 Deutsche marks The utilization possibilities for high geometrical resolution satellite data for quantification of the high water runoff are shown. In combination with a digital landscape model with the same resolution it was possible to obtain detailed information from a precipitation runoff model. A small drainage area could be analyzed by comparing the measured and calculated hydrographs for the same present precipitation events. Simulation were achieved for possible future developments in the watershed, which take into account changes in runoff due to forest damages, agriculture and urbanization effects. ESA N91-12150# Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge. Dept. of MARVEL: A SYSTEM FOR RECOGNIZING WORLD (AD-A225709; AI-TR-1229) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A11 CSCL 12/9 To use a world model, a mobile robot must be able to determine its own position in the world. To support truly autonomous navigation, I present MARVEL, a system that builds and maintains its own models of world locations and uses these models to recognize its world position from stereo vision input. MARVEL is designed to be robust with respect to input errors and to respond to a gradually changing world by updating its world location models. I present results from real-world tests of the system that demonstrate its reliability. MARVEL fits into a world modeling system under development. GRA (NASA-CR-187370; NAS 1.26:187370) Avail: NTIS HC/MF_A03 CSCL 10A The preliminary design proposed for the microelectronics materials processing equipment is presented. An overall mission profile, description of all processing steps, analysis methods and measurement techniques, data acquisition and storage, and a preview of the experimental hardware are included. The goal of the project is to investigate the viability of material processing of semiconductor microelectronics materials in a micro-gravity environment. The two key processes are examined: (1) Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) of semiconductor thin films and damaged solar cells, and (2) thin film deposition using a filament evaporator. The RTA process will be used to obtain higher quality crystalline properties from amorphous/poly-silicon films. RTA methods can also be used to repair radiation-damaged solar cells. On earth this technique is commonly used to anneal semiconductor films after ion-implantation. The damage to the crystal lattice is similar to the defects found in solar cells which have been exposed to high-energy particle bombardment. Author N91-12152# Technische Univ., Delft (Netherlands). Lab. for Measurement and Control. AN INTEGRATED DYNAMIC MODEL OF A FLEXIBLE WIND TURBINE Peter M. M. Bongers, Wim A. A. Bierbooms, Sjoerd Dijkstra, and Theo vanHolten (Stork Product Engineering, Amsterdam, Netherlands) 1990 122 p (Grants ENW3-0044-NL; NOVEM-41/33-020/10) (MEMT-6; UDC-621.548; ISBN-90-370-00371-1; ETN-90-97753) Copyright Avail: NTIS HC/MF A06 A model to study the dynamic behavior of flexible wind turbines was developed. The different subsystems of the wind turbine are individually modeled with about the same degree of accuracy. The aerodynamic part describes wind shear, gravity effects, unsteady effects, and dynamic inflow. The rotor blades are provided with degrees of freedom in lag and flap directions. The tower construction is modeled including the first bending mode. The first torsional mode of the transmission is included in the model. The model of synchronous generator with dc link consists of a nonlinear fourth order model, including saturation effects. The different models of the subsystems are coupled into one integrated dynamic model which is implemented as simulation code in the DUWECS (Delf University Wind Energy Converter Simulation Package) program. The DUWECS program is developed in such a manner that it is an easy to handle tool for the study of the dynamic features of wind turbine systems. ESA N91-12153# Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., (AD-A224739; CERL-TR-E-90/10) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A03 CSCL 10/4 Diurnal cold storage cooling systems provide an effective means for reducing peak electrical demand at Army installations. The U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory demonstrated an ice-in-tank diurnal ice storage (DIS) cooling system at the Post Exchange building, Fort Stewart, GA in April 1987 as part of the Facility Engineering Applications Program (FEAP). Design and construction of the system were documented elsewhere. The system was instrumented during the 1987 cooling season to test its performance. The system energy performance, peak shaving capability, operation and maintenance experience is documented along with and lessons learned from the Fort Stewart first year system operation. The efficacy of a DIS cooling system as a means of reducing peak electrical demand has been verified; however, generalization of performance for generic ice-in-tank systems is not recommended due to the limited amount of data available from only one system. GRA N91-12154# Los Alamos National Lab., NM. Advanced Engineering Technology Div. ADVANCED SYSTEM ANALYSIS FOR INDIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL POWER PLANTS FOR TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS Nicholas E. Vanderborgh, Robert D. McFarland, and James R. Huff 1990 9 p Presented at the 1990 Fuel Cell Seminar, Phoenix, AZ, 25-28 Nov. 1990 (Contract W-7405-eng-36) (DE91-000171; LA-UR-90-3356; CONF-901106-1) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A02 The indirect methanol cell fuel concept actively pursued by the USDOE and General Motors Corporation proposes the development of an electrochemical engine (e.c.e.), an electrical generator capable for usually efficient and clean power production from methanol fuel for the transportation sector. This on-board generator works in consort with batteries to provide electrical power to drive propulsion motors for a range of electric vehicles. Success in this technology could do much to improve impacted environmental areas and to convert part of the transportation fleet to natural gas and coal derived methanol as the fuel source. These developments parallel work in Europe and Japan where various fuel cell powered vehicles, often fueled with tanked or hydride hydrogen, are under active development. Transportation applications present design challenges that are distinctly different from utility requirements, the thrust of most of previous fuel cell programs. In both cases, high conversion efficiency (fuel to electricity) is essential. However, transportation requirements dictate as well designs for high power densities, rapid transients including short times for system start up, and consumer safety. The e.c.e. system is formed from four interacting components: (1) the fuel processor; (2) the fuel cell stack; (3) the air compression and decompression device; and (4) the condensing cross flow heat exchange device. N91-12155# Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. POWER RECOVERY OF RADIATION-DAMAGED GALLIUM ARSENIDE AND INDIUM PHOSPHIDE SOLAR CELLS M.S. Thesis Corinne Cypranowski Dec. 1989 155 p (AD-A225307) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 CSCL 10/2 DOE Radiation damaging to on-orbit solar arrays was found to significantly decrease power output and efficiency. By a process of annealing, these cells can recover some of the initial performance parameters. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and Indium Phosphide (InP) solar cells were subjected to 1 MeV electron radiation by a Dynamitron linear accelerator at two fluence levels of 1E14 and 1E15 electrons/sq cm. The annealing process was varied by temperature, amount of forward biased current, light conditions and time. Both types of cells were found to be hardened to radiation; however, the InP cells were superior over the two. Multiple cycles of irradiating and annealing were performed to observe the amount of degradation and recovery. The results prove that substantial recovery will occur, particularly with the InP cells. Applying this process to on-orbit spacecraft utilizing solar arrays as the main source of power will significantly increase mission life and potentially decrease cost of the on-board power system. L. Kaba, G. D. Hitchens, and J. OM. Bockris Dec. 1989 96 p (Grant NAGW-1779) (NASA-CR-186317; NAS 1.26:186317) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A05 CSCL 13B The disposal of domestic organic waste in its raw state is a matter of increasing public concern. Earlier, it was regarded as permissible to reject wastes into the apparently infinite sink of the sea but, during the last 20 years, it has become clear that this is environmentally unacceptable. On the other hand, sewage farms and drainage systems for cities and for new housing developments are cumbersome and expensive to build and operate. New technology whereby waste is converted to acceptable chemicals and pollution-free gases at site is desirable. The problems posed by wastes are particularly demanding in space vehicles where it is desirable to utilize treatments that will convert wastes into chemicals that can be recycled. In this situation, the combustion of waste is undesirable due to the inevitable presence of oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in the effluent gases. Here, in particular, electrochemical techniques offer several advantages including the low temperatures which may be used and the absence of any NO and CO in the evolved gases. Work done in this area was restricted to technological papers, and the present report is an attempt to give a more fundamental basis to the early stages of a potentially valuable technology. Author N91-12157# Radian Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC. EMISSIONS AND COST ESTIMATES FOR GLOBALLY SIGNIFICANT ANTHROPOGENIC COMBUSTION SOURCES OF NOX, N2O, CH4, CO, AND CO2 Final Report, Apr. 1987 - Jan. 1990 S. D. Piccot, J. A. Buzun, and H. C. Frey May 1990 125 p (Contract EPA-68-02-4288) (PB90-216433; EPA/600/7-90/010) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A06 CSCL 13B The report discusses the development of emission factors for CO2, CO, CH4, NO(x), and N20 for about 80 globally significant combustion sources in seven source categories: utility, industrial, fuel production, transportation, residential, commercial, and kilns/ovens/dryers. Because of the lack of adequate international data, the emission factors for most sources are based on U.S. performance, cost, and emissions data. Data on CO2, CO, and NO(x) were available for over 90 percent of the sources studied: on CH4, for about 80 percent; and on N20, for only about 10 percent. Emission factor quality ratings were developed to indicate the overall adequacy of the supporting data. Evaluation of the emission factors for the seven source categories (taking the five gases as an aggregate for each category) showed that the kilns/ovens/dryers category had the lowest overall quality rating. GRA N91-12158# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Maria Cristina Forti May 1990 170 p In PORTUGUESE; ENGLISH summary (INPE-5095-RPE/625) Avail: NTIS HC/MF A08 In a terra firme ecosystem in Central Amazonia (near Manaus), the ions Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), NH4(+), CI(-) and SO4(2-), and pH measurements were done in rainwater, throughfall, soil solution (saturated and unsaturated zones), and surface water (igarape) samples. Collections were performed in the Reserva Ducke, a preserved forested area, 25 km at the Northeast of Manaus, in the Manaus-Itacoatiara road (AM-10), during one wet period (April/May) and one dry period (August/September) in 1987. This work analyzes the chemical composition variation pattern in the ecosystem solution in these two contrasting seasons. The cations were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and the anions were analyzed by liquid ion chromatography. The rainwater input are two times greater for the Na(+), Mg(2+), NH4(+) and SO4(2-) and about four times greater for the K(+) during the dry period. The ionic concentration in throughfall are richer than those in rainwater, except for the ion NH4(+), during the dry period. This enrichment was attributed to the canopy washing and to the leaching of the vegetal tissue by rainwater. It was noticed that the soil is enriched in relation to throughfall. The rainwater and river water ionic content are lower during the wet period than those of the dry one. Author N91-12159 Maryland Univ., College Park. REACTIVE NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN THE TROPOSPHERE: OBSERVATIONS, TRANSPORT, AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY Ph.D. Thesis Winston Thomas Luke 1990 496 p Avail: Univ. Microfilms Order No. DA9030945 Oxides of nitrogen critically control the photochemical production of ozone and account for approximately 1/3 of the total acid deposition in North America. The results of three studies are presented designed to enhance knowledge of the distribution, transport, and photochemistry of reactive (or odd) nitrogen compounds in the troposphere. Concentrations of odd nitrogen were measured in both urban and rural air advected from the polluted east coast of North America to the western Atlantic ocean. |