TABLE 31.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

The significant fact exhibited by the totals for all races in the table above, as well as for separate races, is that practically all of the males 16 years of age or over in the households studied are engaged in work in or about the coal mines. Of the whites nativeborn of native father, only 8.3 per cent are in occupations other than coal mining, and only 3.1 per cent of the native negroes are engaged in other work. Of the whites native-born of native father, only 3.6 per cent above 16 years of age are at school, and 0.6 per cent at home. The males of the second generation show a stronger tendency than do either the foreign-born or the native-born of native father, to enter occupations other than coal mining, 17.1 per cent of the native-born of foreign father being engaged in other work than coal mining. Seven per cent are at school, and 2.2 per cent at home. Of the Irish of the second generation, 17.9 per cent are working outside of the coal mines, 7.1 percent are at school, and 3.6 per cent are at home. Practically all of the foreign-born males 16 years of age or over are at work in the mines, only 2.4 per cent of the total being at work in other occupations than coal mining, 0.2 per cent at school, and 0.8 per cent at home. In general, it should be noted that in the case of all families studied for the purpose of making an exhibit of conditions existing among the bituminous mine workers, a negligible per cent of the males are engaged in outside work and consequently, for the object in view, the families are as purely those of bituminous coalmine workers as can be selected.

STATUS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS COMPARED.

As regards the principal races for which sufficient material is available for a comparative showing, the table following, giving the per cent of males 16 years of age or over in each general occupation classified according to birth, whether in the United States or abroad, indicates the general situation for all races.

TABLE 32.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in bituminous coal mining, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States, and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]

Upon reference to the foregoing table it will be seen that all the foreign-born English are engaged in mining, while of those of the second generation 76.9 per cent are in mining and 23.1 per cent are in other occupations. Of the Irish, those of foreign birth show a proportion of 95 per cent at work in the mines as contrasted with a percentage of 80 of those who were born in the United States; 5 per cent of those of foreign birth, and 20 per cent of those of native birth, are at work outside of the coal-mining industry. The only race from southern or eastern Europe for which a detailed showing has been made is the Slovak. Of the Slovaks of foreign birth, 99.7 per cent are at work in the mines, as are 92.7 per cent of the Slovaks of the second generation, 0.3 per cent of the foreign-born and 7.3 per cent of the native-born being in work other than coal mining.

OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE BITUMINOUS COAL-MINING INDUSTRY.

As regards the status of the immigrant mine workers within the industry itself, the races of recent immigration are engaged in the occupations of digging and loading coal, and in the rough, unskilled work both inside and outside of the mines. Practically all of the occupations requiring training and experience or carrying responsibility are filled by the races of older immigration from Great Britain. and northern Europe. The occupations which are termed day or shift places, and for which payments are made on the basis of so much per hour, day, or month, are also almost without exception held by natives and races of older immigration. This division has been brought about voluntarily by the natives and older immigrants for the purpose of avoiding direct working relations with the races of southern and eastern Europe. The races of recent immigration prefer the occupations of mining and loading because the work is paid for on a piece-rate basis and there are no fixed limitations upon earning possibilities. This preference is also largely responsible for the failure of recent immigrants to move upward in the scale of occupations.

DAILY EARNINGS.

The data secured in the study made as to the daily earnings of 79,575 individual mine workers who were 18 years of age or over are partly presented in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent who earn each specified amount per day.

TABLE 33.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent earning each specified amount per day.

General nativity and race.

Number
Average
reporting
earnings
complete
data. per day.

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Upon information obtained for 79,575 males in this industry, it will be noted that 70.3 per cent earn $2 or over per day, 34.6 per cent $2.50 or over, and 12.4 per cent $3 or over, while 3.9 per cent are earning $3.50 or over. As between the foreign-born and the nativeborn of foreign father, it will be seen that a considerably smaller proportion of the former than of the latter earn the higher rates. Comparing the native-born of foreign father with the native-born of native father, it will be noted that the whites born of native father report only a slightly smaller proportion, while the negroes report a

very much smaller proportion, than do the native-born of foreign father earning the higher rates.

As regards the specified earnings of the various foreign-born races, it will be seen that none of the Mexicans earn under $1.50 and none of the Montenegrins earn under $1.25 per day. With these exceptions, each race reports a comparatively small proportion earning under $1.50. Not, however, until the earnings reach $2 or over per day do the proportions vary to any great extent. Of those earning as much as $2, the Mexicans report the largest proportion, or 96.2 per cent, and the Roumanians the smallest proportion, or 44.8 per cent. Following the Mexicans are the Swedes, Scotch, English, Welsh, and French, each reporting over 80 per cent, and the Dutch, North Italians, Russians, Slovenians, Germans, Bohemians and Moravians, and Lithuanians, each reporting between 75 and 80 per cent, while the proportions of the other races range from 71.5 per cent of the Irish to 52.8 per cent of the Croatians. Among those earning $2.50 or over per day, the Mexicans again report the largest and the Roumanians the smallest proportion, or 73.6 and 12.4 per cent, respectively. Comparing the other races earning at least $2.50, it will be noted that the Scotch, who follow the Mexicans, report a slightly larger proportion than the English, Welsh, or French, and a considerably larger proportion than the Germans, Swedes, North Italians, Lithuanians, or Bohemians and Moravians, these races reporting, each, over 40 per cent, while the proportions of those still lower range from 39.1 per cent of the Irish to 14.5 per cent of the Ruthenians. None of the Roumanians earn $3 or over per day, in contrast with 24.3 per cent of the English, who show the largest proportion. Closely following the English are the Scotch, Bohemians and Moravians, Germans, Lithuanians, Welsh, Montenegrins, and Swedes, the last named reporting 19.1 per cent. Of the remaining races earning this amount, the North Italians show the largest proportion, or 16.3 per cent, and the Greeks and Ruthenians, with 2.8 per cent each, the smallest proportion. The English and Swedes, each reporting a proportion slightly below 10 per cent earning $3.50 or over per day, show a larger proportion than the Germans, Lithuanians, Scotch, Bohemians and Moravians, Welsh, or Russians, in the order named, and a much larger proportion than that shown by any other race.

Comparing the proportions of males native-born of foreign father earning each specified amount, it will be noted that, with the exception of those whose fathers were born in Russia, there is comparatively little difference among the races in the proportions earning $1.25 or $1.50 a day; also, in the case of each race shown in the foregoing table, only a slightly smaller proportion earn $1.50 than earn $1.25 a day.

As regards the males earning $2 or over per day, those whose fathers were born in Wales report 89.6 per cent, a larger proportion than of those whose fathers were born in Scotland, England, France, Germany, Ireland, or Italy, and much in excess of the proportion of those whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary or Russia, the last named reporting 57.8 per cent. The second generation of Welsh occupy the same position among those earning $2.50 and $3 or over per day, in that they show the largest proportion earning these specified amounts. The lowest proportions shown for those earning $2.50 or over per day are reported for the native-born of Austro