without any fixed form of wages, and 15.8 per cent were in business for themselves or working for profit. It will be observed that the great majority of immigrant mine employees were either farm laborers or farmers before coming to this country. A combined report of all three of the general industrial groups shows that 68.2 per cent of the males reporting were thus engaged, 25.3 per cent for wages, 27.8 per cent without wages, and 15.1 per cent for profit. Those engaged in hand trades constitute 7.6 per cent of the total number, and 6.4 per cent worked as common laborers. The general showing, therefore, is that about 75 per cent of the present mine workers were engaged in farming or as common laborers, with a small percentage of persons employed in hand trades and miscellaneous. occupations, the significance of this showing being that none of these persons received any training or experience abroad which would fit them for efficient work in coal mines in this country. Of the different races the representatives of which were miners before coming to the United States, the largest showing is made by the Welsh and English, more than 80 per cent of the persons of these races having been miners abroad, while 40 per cent of the Irish, 29.8 per cent of the Germans, and 48.9 per cent of the Mexicans, were engaged in mining in their native lands before they entered the mines of the United States.

The races of southern and eastern Europe, which at present form the greatest additions to the immigrant coal-mine employees in the United States, make a very small showing of experience in the industry before coming to the mines of this country. Of the Ruthenian and Roumanian employees, none had experience abroad. The Lithuanians report 2 per cent engaged in mining before coming to the United States, the South Italians 2.1 per cent, the North Italians 2.7 per cent, the Russians 3.3 per cent, the Magyars 3.9 per cent, the Slovaks 6.2 per cent, the Croatians 6.3 per cent, and the Poles 9.7 per cent.

The table next presented shows what per cent of each race in the various localities is reported as having been employed in mining before coming to the United States.

TABLE 27.-Per cent of foreign-born males 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States who were employed abroad in mining, by locality and by race of

individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the foreign-born males reporting who were 16 years of age or over on coming to the United States and who are now engaged in bituminous coal mining, 8.2 per cent were employed in mining abroad. Comparing the various localities, it is seen that the largest proportion with experience in mining abroad is in the Southwest, where 18.8 per cent of the employees are so reported. The South follows with 8.1 per cent, Pennsylvania with 3.6 per cent, and the Middle West with 1.5 per cent. The Croatians, North Italians, Poles, and Slovaks, show larger proportions of those employed in the Southwest than of those in any other section, to have had mining experience abroad, the difference being especially marked in the case of the Croatians and Slovaks. The Germans and Lithuanians in the South show larger proportions of experienced miners than do the same races in other sections. All races employed in the Middle West, and, with the exception of the Germans, all those employed in Pennsylvania, show very small proportions to have been employed abroad in mining.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

In addition to members of the households, information was secured from individual employees as to the principal occupations in which they were engaged before leaving their native lands. Of a total of 31,325 mine workers of foreign birth furnishing information, the following table shows the per cent in principal occupations abroad by race of individual:

TABLE 28.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

A significant point shown by the table is that 58 per cent of the total number of the men now in the coal and coke industry were occupied abroad as farmers or farm laborers. Only 20.7 per cent had had experience in mining before they came to this country. Although the proportion of the total foreign-born is comparatively small, the several races vary widely in regard to the numbers who have had experience in mining abroad. Only 3.6 per cent of the Croatians had been in that occupation before coming to the United States, while 88.2 per cent of the Scotch had been so employed.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, for each of the coal-mining localities studied, the per cent of foreign-born male employees who report employment in mining before coming to the United States.

TABLE 29.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in mining before coming to the United States, by locality and by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The figures of the foregoing table are of twofold interest: (1) They indicate the relations existing among the different races in the matter of previous mining experience; (2) they show in what districts the proportion of immigrants who have had mining experience abroad is highest.

The figures for the various localities show that the proportion of employees with previous experience in mining is highest in the Southwest and lowest in the South. The percentage of such employees is higher in the Middle West than in Pennsylvania. In the Southwest the French, English, and German; in the Middle West the Scotch, English, Bohemian and Moravian, and German; in Pennsylvania, the Scotch, English, French, and German; and in the South the Slovak and Polish, are the races for which the highest percentages of men who had experience in mining before coming to the United States are reported. The races having the smallest proportion of men employed in mining abroad are: For the Southwest, the South Italian; for the Middle West, the Lithuanian; and for Pennsylvania and the South, the Croatian.

It is true of the majority of the races, as it is of all the employees reported, irrespective of race, that the proportion of men who were employed abroad in mining is, in general, higher in the Southwest than in the Middle West, higher in the Middle West than in Pennsylvania, and lowest of all in the South. This becomes apparent upon reference to the figures for the different races. The percentages given in this table seem to justify two general conclusions. It will appear, first, that the proportion of men who had experience in mining before immigrating to the United States is much higher for the races of northern and western Europe, the races of the old immigration, than it is for the races of southern and eastern Europe, the races of the more recent immigration. This showing is in complete harmony with, and seems, at least in a measure, to explain what is known of, the comparative merits of the men of the different races as workmen.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The general occupation of all females 16 years of age or over, in the households studied, is presented in the table below, by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 30.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

In

A comparison of the totals in the foregoing table shows that the smallest proportion of females remaining at home, 69.8 per cent, is reported for those who were native-born of foreign father. the same group 8.9 per cent are engaged in domestic service, which is higher than the entries for either the foreign-born or the whites native-born of native father, while 9.4 per cent are at school, also a higher percentage than is shown for either of the other two groups, and 5 per cent are reported in trade. The total native-born report 6.7 per cent of their number in domestic service, 3.6 per cent in trade, and 3.8 per cent in other occupations. Eighty per cent are at home, compared to 98.6 per cent of the foreign-born females. Of the white females native-born of native father, 91.3 per cent are shown to be at home, 3.3 per cent are in domestic service, and only 2.2 per cent at school, as compared to 78.1 per cent of the negroes at home, 12.5 per cent in domestic service, and 6.3 per cent at school. Of the Irish females native-born of foreign father, 55.9 per cent are at home, 8.8 per cent are engaged in trade, 20.6 per cent are in other occupations, 11.8 per cent are at school, and 2.9 per cent are employed as domestics. In contrast, 21.4 per cent of the Germans and 9.3 per cent of the Slovaks in the same group, are reported in domestic service.

Of the foreign-born females 16 years of age or over, 100 per cent of the English, Mexicans, Russians, and Ruthenians are at home, while from 93.8 to 99.4 per cent of the other races appearing in this table are reported at home. A very small percentage of foreign-born females are engaged in domestic service, the Welsh with 3.1 per cent and the Germans with 3.8 per cent reporting the highest. Only three races report females at school, the Lithuanians, with 0.6 per cent, the North Italians with 1 per cent, and the Croatians with 1.5 per cent. In miscellaneous occupations the highest percentages are the Irish, 3.2 and the Welsh, 3.1.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The general occupation of all males 16 years of age or over in the households studied is set forth in the following table, by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 31.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and

race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]