wives in the United States, follow the Swedish, Scotch, English, Welsh, Germans, French, and Bohemians and Moravians, these races having at least 90 per cent of their number reporting wife in the United States. The Roumanians have the largest proportion, or 83.1 per cent, who have left their wives abroad. The Croatians, whose corresponding percentage is 57, rank next. The Russians and Magyars report 47.1 per cent and 46.8 per cent, respectively, with wives abroad. The North Italians, the South Italians, and the Ruthenians form another class with slightly lower percentages. This table shows chiefly that the races composing what is termed recent immigration have a greater tendency to leave their wives at home than have the races which made up the old immigration. This fact, shown by the totals, is also seen to be true for each period of residence, whether here under five years or ten years or more. An examination of Table 230, which shows the per cent of wives abroad by years husband has been in the United States, reveals the fact that it is usual for the Scotch, the Irish, and the English to bring their wives with them or at least send for them shortly after coming themselves. The French, the Germans, and the Bohemians and Moravians show like tendencies. The Russians, Croatians, and Magyars usually leave their wives at home when they first come to the United States. Of the. Russians in the United States under five years, 80.8 per cent report wives abroad; of those here from five to nine years, 25.1 per cent report a similar condition, as do also 11.8 per cent of those who have lived in this country ten years or over. Of the Croatians who have lived here less than five years, 78.1 per cent report their wives abroad, as do 43.1 per cent of those whose period of residence is from five to nine years, and 26.3 per cent of those who have been here ten years or over. Although all races report that the wives are more generally brought to the United States during the first five years' residence of the husbands, a larger number of the Croatians, the North Italians, the South Italians, and the Russians bring their wives during the residence period of from five to nine years than during any other.

VISITS ABROAD.

The larger part of the industrial population which is made up of races of recent immigration is of a fluctuating character. A considerable proportion of the immigrant mine workers, being unmarried and without property, can move with little inconvenience from one mining locality to another. This they do quite frequently, as the conditions of employment or their own self-interest may lead them. They also tend to move often from one company or mine to another within the different bituminous mining areas. It is also true that seasonal or other labor may attract them away from the mines for a time, or the knowledge gained from neighbors or labor agents, or through reading, may impel the immigrant mine employees to migrate to other mining regions, even though the distance may be great from the locality in which they are working. There is, therefore, a constant movement in progress among the mine workers of different races, which is accentuated in times of industrial depression by an exodus from the affected districts and by concentration upon the localities where work may still be had.

In addition to the migratory movements within the industry, however, there is a tendency among all races to visit their native countries. This tendency under normal conditions usually means what the word "visit" implies, but often may mean a return for a residence of a year or longer. Such visits are especially significant in connection with industrial depression as indicating the unsettled and temporary character of the bulk of recent immigration. One of the first results of a general shutting down of mines, or curtailment of mining operations, is seen in the outward movement of immigrant mine workers who have saved sufficient money to pay their passage. An industrial depression is usually accompanied by a movement to the regions where the mines are still in operation, and, finally, when work becomes hard to secure generally, a second movement out of the United States is noticeable. The mine workers of recent immigration who have accumulated any savings usually decide that the expenses of a visit abroad will be less than their living expenses in this country until work is resumed, and consequently return to their native lands to await the resumption of mining operations. A considerable number remain in this country, especially those who have emigrated from countries where political and social conditions are unsatisfactory, and subsist on their savings or are helped by their fellow-countrymen or the mining companies, and from charitable or public sources, until work may again be had.

In this connection the table which is submitted below will be found to be of value. It shows, by races and by specified periods of residence in the United States, the number and per cent of immigrants reporting one or more visits abroad.

TABLE 231.-Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that on the average 18.8 per cent of the immigrants make visits to their native land. By periods of residence it is seen that of those who have been here less than five years 11.1 per cent, and of those who have been here five years and over 23 per cent, have made such visits. When the races reporting larger numbers are examined in detail, it is seen that the South Italians, North Italians, Slovaks, English, and Magyars lead in the relative numbers who make visits to their native land, with 27.6 per cent, 24 per cent, 24.6 per cent, 22.6 per cent, and 20.5 per cent, respectively. Among these races the greatest relative numbers return for visits after being here ten years or more, nearly 40 per cent of the North and South Italians and about 30 per cent of the Slovaks of this classification having made return visits.

The races showing relatively the smallest numbers of those who make such visits are the Lithuanian, with but 4.4 per cent, Bohemian and Moravian, with but 4.6 per cent, and German with 8.6 per cent. Among the Polish, Slovenian, and Russian, about 12 per cent have visited their native country. In general, the races of later immigration seem to make these visits after shorter periods of residence here than do the races of earlier immigration; e. g., of the English, Scotch, and Germans who have resided here less than five years, only about 6 per cent have visited the countries whence they came, while among the more numerous races of more recent coming, the percentages of those with a residence less than five years making visits abroad are: Polish 8, Russian 8, Croatian 11.1, North Italian 11.6, South Italian 16.6, Magyar 12.9, and Slovak 15.9. This would indicate that the races of older immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe return abroad for a visit after a considerable period of residence in this country and after they have attained an economic status which would give their visit largely a sentimental significance. On the other hand, the frequency and large proportion of visits, occurring along with a short period of residence among recent immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, would indicate a labor supply which is temporary and unsettled, the relative permanence of which is quickly responsive to industrial conditions in this country.

AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR

HOUSEHOLDS.

The ages of immigrant mine workers and members of their households are presented in the table which follows, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household. The first section shows the ages of males in the households studied, according to specified groups; the second makes the same exhibit for the females; and the third presents the total of both sexes.

TABLE 232.-Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

In the first section of the table, which sets forth figures concerning males exclusively, the highest percentage for any one group of nativeborn persons is shown by those between the years of 6 and 13. Among the foreign-born, the Slovaks and Poles are numerically preponderant, while the Bohemians and English are reported in the smallest numbers. Among the foreign-born males, the highest group percentages are entered for persons under 6 years of age and between 30 and 44 years. In the latter group are found 33.3 per cent of the Lithuanians reporting, which is the highest group percentage for any one

race.

Comparing the second part of the table with the first, it is noticed that 50 per cent of the foreign-born females are under the age of 13 and 30 per cent are under 6 years of age, as against 40.3 per cent of the foreign-born males under 13 years. The comparison also shows that the number of foreign-born females between 20 and 44 years of age is much smaller than that of males of the same age. The number of English, both male and female, over 45 years of age, exceeds that of any other one race. The number of Germans takes second rank in this regard. Inspection of the tables also discloses the fact that young people, of both sexes, are more numerous among the native-born than among the foreign-born. Comparatively few youths are found among the foreign-born, the majority of the persons reporting being divided between children and individuals of marriageable age, which implies that the family groups are well organized among the native-born, and that the foreign-born are very largely unmarried persons and persons recently married.

The following table shows the per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race:

TABLE 233.-Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]