North and South Italians. As contrasted with 1882, a complete canvass of the employees of Plant B reveals a racial composition of the force employed at the present time as follows:

TABLE 163.-Racial composition of Plant B, by occupation, 1908.

Another plant, which may be called C, and which has been operated for more than thirty years, had very much the same original force as Plant B-Germans, English, and Scotch. In 1885 the first Slovaks were employed, together with a few Bohemians; in 1886, the first Poles; in 1888, the first North and South Italians; in 1891, the first Magyars; in 1892, the first Croatians; in 1894, the first Ruthenians. The present racial classification of its employees will be found on the page following.

TABLE 164.-Racial composition of Plant C, by occupation, 1908.

As an illustration on a larger scale, the following has been the course of development and racial change in one particular portion of the coke region, which we may call District A. Mines were opened and operated as follows during the years specified:

Not only did the number of mines increase, but the number of men employed also increased as the workings were extended. In addition to this development of the mining and coke industry, with its consequent demand for labor, two important manufacturing establishments were also opened in 1889 and 1890. This steady demand for

more and more labor was first satisfied by the employment of the native Americans themselves, together with the immigration of Swedish, English, Irish, Germans, and a few Welsh. About the year 1893, however, the point had been reached where not enough employees of these races could be secured, and the first Slovaks and Poles were employed. Shortly afterwards several North and South Italians were given work, and in the rapid development beginning about the year 1900 the additional laborers secured were practically all southeastern Europeans. Many more of these later immigrants were also required to take the places of the former operatives who were entering manufacturing plants, not only in the immediate district, but as far west as Pittsburg. At the present time, of a total of 4,500 mine and coke workers in District A, the combined number of American, English, Irish, Scotch, Swedish, and German employees is not over 30 per cent.

Such changes as those shown in the specific cases cited have taken place at all of the older mines and plants of the entire coal and coke region. The newer operations have opened with a labor force composed sometimes of a dozen different races, principally of foreign birth and of recent immigration.

The connection between the expansion of coal mining and coke manufacturing and the arrival of immigrant workers is thus made apparent. In order that the chronology, however, may be made. clear in connection with the racial movements to the Connellsville region, it will be worth while, at the risk of repetition, to indicate briefly the periods of arrival and employment of the different races. Prior to 1860 there had been a steady movement of Germans and Irish to western Pennsylvania and to the particular section where coke making was later developed, the Irish immigration being greater after 1835, and the German after 1848. After 1860 immigration became much more rapid and extensive. In addition to the Irish and German immigrants mentioned above, a few Scotch, English, and Welsh had also been entering before 1860, but never in large numbers. About the year 1870 many English, Scotch, and Irish and some Welsh began settling in the district. In the latter part of the seventies and the early eighties this immigration was relatively large. After the year 1885 it continued, but in decreasing numbers, principally to the northern end of the region up to 1893 or 1894. During the two years 1893 and 1894, arrival of immigrants from Great Britain and Germany ceased almost entirely, due partly to the depression of those years, but also ascribable to other causes which will be mentioned later. A few Swedes came to the northern part of the region about 1880 and continued to 1894, though their numbers were relatively small.

About the year 1879 the first Slovaks arrived in the Connellsville district. In 1882 they began coming more generally and their number increased very rapidly until checked by the financial depression of 1893 and 1894. About 1896 and 1897, with the revival of industry, the movement began again, and in recent years has assumed very large proportions. More of this race than of any other have come to the region.

a See chapter on Industrial Effects of Immigration, p. 423.

At practically the same time that the Slovak immigration started, the Poles began to enter the United States and pursue much the same course, although only about one-half as many Poles as Slovaks came. About 1886 the first appreciable number of Magyars arrived. The immigration of this race also increased rapidly until checked by the panic of 1893. It was renewed with the resumption of active business after the panic and assumed its largest proportions in the succeeding years. În numbers there seem to have been about threefifths as many Magyars as Poles. Some Bohemian immigration, chiefly to the northern part of the region, also began about the time the Slovaks and Poles first made their presence felt, but did not assume much numerical importance, and practically stopped during 1893 and 1894. Both North and South Italians were in the district as early as 1879, but their immigration seems to have been not large until after 1888. Since the latter date they have come in rapidly and, together, probably number as many as do the Poles. The Croatians began arriving in appreciable numbers about 1893. Their immigration was not large, however, until after 1896 or 1897. Since the latter year, they have entered the region rapidly and to-day number as many as the Poles. Several other races have also settled in the region, but as yet their numbers are relatively small. A few Ruthenians arrived in 1892 and 1893, and a few Servians, Bulgarians, and Roumanians since 1900. The immigration of all these later races is still in progress. The Slovaks, Poles, Magyars, Croatians, and North and South Italians are arriving in large numbers, and although scattered individuals of the other races are also finding employment at the mines and coke ovens the heaviest immigration at present is by the races above mentioned.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

Figures showing the period during which foreign-born mine workers have lived in the United States throw valuable light upon the time when each race was employed in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, and to this extent substantiate the statements about the history of immigration. It is generally true that the period of employment of a foreign-born employee coincides with his period of residence in the United States, for the reason that the greater number of immigrants come directly from the port of landing to the bituminous mining districts. On the other hand, a considerable number are employed in other industries or in other coal fields, before entering the Pennsylvania mines, and this fact prevents any hard and fast statement that the period of residence in this country is the same as the period of employment in the Pennsylvania mining regions. Period of residence in the United States is, however, indicative of period of employment for the races of less recent immigration, and for races of more recent immigration practically a positive criterion. With these reservations in mind, the following tables, showing, by general nativity and race, the period of residence in this country of the foreign-born bituminous mining employees of Pennsylvania, will be found very interesting and instructive. The first table, which immediately follows, gives figures for 37,016 mine employees covered by the study of individual mine workers.

TABLE 165.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

It is noticeable in the foregoing table that the immigration of the past ten years has been far in excess of all prior immigration, and also that the immigration of the periods prior to the past ten years was mainly of English, Irish, Scotch, and other English-speaking peoples, while that of the last decade has been mainly from the races of southern and eastern European countries. The total number of individuals from whom information was secured was 37,016. Of this number, 40.3 per cent, or 14,914 individuals, have been in the United States under five years, while 29 per cent, or 10,748 individuals, have been in the United States from five to nine years. Thus it can be seen that considerably more than one-half, or, to be accurate, 69.3 per cent, of all the foreign-born males reporting information have been in the United States under ten years.

From the twenty-year period down to, and including, the ten-year period, the number reporting is perceptibly smaller. Of the total number, only 8.3 per cent, or 3,084 individuals, have been in the United States from ten to fourteen years; 8.9 per cent, or 3,283 individuals, have been in the United States from fifteen to nineteen years; and 13.5 per cent, or 4,987 individuals, have been in the United States twenty years or more. As already stated, the most important and most interesting fact disclosed by the table under consideration is that the incoming of English-speaking immigrants has decreased during the past decade, while immigration from among the southern and eastern European races has rapidly increased during the same period. Taking on the one hand the English, Irish, Scotch, Scotch