TABLE 156.—Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

From the above table it may be seen that of a total of 6,813 persons for whom detailed information was secured, 58.5 per cent of the males are foreign-born and 41.5 per cent are native-born, while 50.5 per cent of the females are native-born and 49.5 per cent foreign-born. Of the various races, the Slovaks, both native-born of foreign father and foreign-born, stand out prominently, the proportion of the former being 12.2 per cent and of the latter 16.5 per cent, as shown for the males, and 15.5 per cent and 14.4 per cent, respectively, as shown for the females.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

In addition to the households and members of households studied, detailed information was secured for 49,137 male workers in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania. The number of individuals studied is shown, by general nativity and race, in the following table:

TABLE 157.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and

The racial composition of the operating forces of the mines may be more readily grasped from the accompanying chart, which shows in graphic form the data presented in the above table.

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration to Pennsylvania bituminous coal mines-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their householdsRacial classification of employees at the present time-[Text Tables 158 to 167 and General Tables 54 and 55].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO PENNSYLVANIA BITUMINOUS COAL MINES.

The developments in bituminous coal mining in Pennsylvania during recent years have been very extensive. In 1870 the output of the mines of the State was 7,798,518 short tons, and in 1880 the production was 18,425,163 tons. During the next two decades the figures for 1880 were more than quadrupled, and by the year 1907 Pennsylvania bituminous mines were annually producing 150,143,177 tons. This extraordinary increase in production, as might be expected, required a large and constant increase in operating forces, the average number of persons employed in the mines in 1909 being 185,921 as compared with 16,851 in 1870, an increase of nearly 1,000 per cent during the period. As the native labor supply was insufficient and the natural increase in population was too slow to meet the increasing demand for mine workers at the same time that other industries were expanding and creating a demand for labor, operating forces for the mines had to be secured from sources of supply outside the State. Under the existing conditions the most available supply was found in the various races of northern, southern, and eastern Europe which immigrated to the United States during the period 1870 to 1907.

It is safe to say that from 1870 until the present time the greater part of all the employees in the bituminous mines of Pennsylvania have been of European birth. All of the immigrant races of recent and former years have been represented in greater or less numbers. Among the older English, Scotch, German, and Welsh immigrants there were many individuals who had followed the occupation of mining before coming to the United States, and who naturally sought similar work in the Pennsylvania mines on their arrival in this country. On the other hand, the immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, who constitute the bulk of latter-day immigration, have been in their own countries largely farmers, farm laborers, and unskilled laborers, but coming to this country have been attracted by the inducements to labor held forth by the expansion of the coal industry and have in increasing numbers entered the Pennsylvania bituminous mines.

The proportional representation of the different races among bituminous mine employees during past periods can not be exactly determined. With the exception of very recent years, all estimates must be based upon general observation or upon fragmentary and inaccurate reports. Definite figures are not to be had. The federal census for 1890 classifies all the mine employees of Pennsylvania according to nativity, but the figures given include the workers in anthracite and iron-ore mines as well as those in the bituminous mines. It is believed, however, that the racial composition of the several groups of miners was, and is, sufficiently alike to make the census report valuable as an indication of the proportional representation of the different races among the bituminous mine workers, and that report may be presented to indicate roughly the racial composition and changes during the past twenty years.

The returns for the Eleventh Census as to the general nativity of mine workers in Pennsylvania in the year 1889 are given in the following table:

TABLE 158.-Number of miners 10 years of age or over in the State of Pennsylvania in 1889. [Compiled from United States Census, 1890; Part II, Occupations, pp. 602–603.]

a Includes persons of negro descent, Chinese, Japanese, and civilized Indians.

It is unfortunate, as mentioned above, that no distinction is made. between bituminous and anthracite coal miners or between these and other miners in the State; but assuming that the racial composition in bituminous mining followed the same general lines of division as other forms of mining enterprise in the State, it will be noted that out of a total of 116,756 miners in Pennsylvania in 1889, about 19 per cent only were native white of native parents, 21 per cent were native white of foreign parents, and 58 per cent were foreign white. Of the foreign-born 67 per cent were English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, Germans, and Scandinavians, showing conclusively that the races of Great Britain and northern Europe were dominant in the mining industry in that year.

In the census of 1900, as will be noted in the next table, which gives figures for the year 1899, a change as compared with the census of 1890 is made in the classification. Place of birth is given for foreignborn parents, but not for the foreign-born. Quarrymen are also included in the report, as well as miners of all classes. The figures are, however, of considerable value as indicating the relative increase in the number of miners of parentage assigned to southern and eastern Europe, and the decrease in the racial element of northern