below the Lithuanians and Slovaks. The Poles are lowest, with 11.4 per cent of their number fully naturalized. On comparing the proportion of those having first papers only it is seen that 45 per cent of all the employees reporting in the Southwest have first papers. Considering the relative activity of the employees in this region in securing second papers, and taking it in connection with the very high per cent having first papers, the returns show that the Southwest leads all localities in the desire for citizenship.

The Middle West shows a high percentage of immigrants who have been in the United States for a long time and who have secured their second papers. Consequently there is a correspondingly small proportion having first papers. The Bohemians in the Middle West show 42.9 per cent who have taken out first papers, while the Lithuanians in the same section have only 9.8 per cent.

Upon the basis of a comparison of those having first and those having second papers, Pennsylvania ranks but little above the South. The Bohemians and Moravians lead the other races in first papers. All except 9.8 per cent of the Irish reported in Pennsylvania, and all but 17.9 per cent of the English, have either first or second papers. Ninety-two and nine-tenths per cent of the Croatians, 84.2 per cent of the Russians, 83.2 per cent of the Magyars, 82.2 per cent of the Slovaks, 77.3 per cent of the Poles, and 74.3 per cent of the Lithuanians in the Pennsylvania mines have not secured first papers, or, in other words, have made no effort toward becoming citizens.

The table next presented makes the comparison of the political condition of the members of the households studied, according to the geographical divisions of the industry. Percentages are computed for those races only which have 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The percentages for the total bituminous industry are the same as for Table 118 relating to households, and are reprinted in the following table for comparative purposes.

TABLE 120.-Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by locality and by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

a This total includes persons in households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more shcedules were secured.

Not computed, owing to small number involved.

In this table the Middle West is far in the lead of other sections, with 41 per cent of its bituminous coal miners fully naturalized and 21.7 per cent holding first papers. However, no conclusions may be drawn from the relatively small number of households reporting, the study of employees being of more value in this comparison. The Southwest follows, with 23.4 and 24.2 per cent, respectively; Pennsylvania stands third, with 20.6 per cent and 12.7 per cent; and the South fourth, only 9.5 per cent of foreign-born males in this locality being American citizens and only 6.3 per cent holding first papers.

As only the principal races are here tabulated, the races under comparison are few. In the Middle West, the North Italians and the Lithuanians only are reported in sufficient numbers for computation. Of these, the Italians appear to slightly better advantage, with 44.8 per cent fully naturalized and 37.9 per cent holding first papers, while the Lithuanians, although reporting 42.9 per cent fully naturalized, show but 17.9 per cent with first papers.

In the Southwest the Slovaks lead, with 20.7 per cent naturalized and 34.5 per cent holding first papers. The North Italians follow, with 17.1 per cent naturalized and 25.6 per cent having first papers; and the Lithuanians are third, their percentages being 14.8 and 33.3, respectively.

In the households of Pennsylvania the Italians are far ahead of the other races as regards citizenship. The South Italians lead, with 34 per cent naturalized and 12 per cent holding first papers, while the North Italians show 31.6 per cent naturalized and 18.9 per cent with first papers. The Magyars rank third, with 20.3 per cent of their number naturalized and 14.5 per cent holding first papers; and the Slovaks fourth, their percentages being 17.2 and 11.1, respectively. The Lithuanians show only 10.2 per cent of their number who have acquired full citizenship.

Only four races with sufficient numbers for the computation of percentages are reported in this table for the South, and the proportion of American citizens is very small. The Slovaks lead, with 12.5 per cent fully naturalized and 8.3 per cent holding first papers. The Magyars, with 11.8 per cent and 2.9 per cent, respectively, are not far behind as regards complete naturalization, but show a much larger proportion of aliens. The Poles rank third, and the South Italians, the race appearing to best advantage in Pennsylvania, come last, their proportion of fully naturalized men being but 3.8 per cent, while of those holding first papers it is only 1.9 per cent.

ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.

To acquire a knowledge of the English language is the first and most important step toward Americanization, besides being absolutely preliminary to any form of progress. A study of the series of tables next presented will give a clear idea of the tendencies manifested by the coal-mining employees along these lines.

The table first presented shows the per cent of persons 6 years of age and over in the households studied who are able to speak English, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 121.-Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all non-English-speaking races.]

According to the foregoing table, which presents data for the nonEnglish-speaking races in the bituminous mining industry, 53.4 per cent of all persons 6 years of age or over in the households studied are able to speak English. This rather low percentage is, of course, attributable to the preponderance of the foreign-born, 79.7 per cent of all persons included in the table under consideration having been born abroad. The remaining 20.3 per cent are persons native-born of foreign father. Of this latter class, 92.5 per cent speak English. The race of the second generation showing the lowest per cent of English-speaking people is the South Italian, with but 91.6 per cent thus reported; the Poles follow, with 92.2 per cent, and the Slovaks with 92.3 per cent. The Lithuanians, North Italians, and Magyars rank in the order named and the German households head the list, with 100 per cent of their members able to speak English. The North Italians and Lithuanians show a slightly larger proportion of females than of males able to speak the language of their parents' adopted country, but the reverse is true of the other races; the greatest difference is found in the case of the South Italians of the second generation, only 87.5 per cent of whose females speak the language, though 95.7 per cent of the males can do so.

Among the total foreign-born the percentage able to speak English is 43.4. The Germans rank first with 75 per cent. The Lithuanians follow, with 59.4 per cent, and the Bohemians and Moravians succeed them with 56 per cent. Of the other races only the North Italians,

with 51 per cent, and the Magyars, with 48.7 per cent, exceed the percentage of 43.4 for the total foreign-born. The race which falls furthest below the general average is the Roumanian, only 5.8 per cent of whom can speak English."

The Mexicans with 19.4 per cent, the Russians with 20.8 per cent, and the Ruthenians with 22.4 per cent, show much more progress than the Roumanians, although ranking considerably below the other races. South Italians, Poles, Slovaks, and Croatians also report a less than average proportion of their people able to speak English.

Among the foreign-born, a considerably greater proportion of males than of females are able to speak English, the percentages being 48.1 and 35.4, respectively. The Roumanians are the only exception to this general rule. The relatively smaller proportion of females who have acquired the use of English is due to the fact that the females of the households of races of recent immigration are more closely segregated than are the males.

The next table submitted shows the ability to speak English on the part of 48,656 individual mine workers of foreign birth and of nonEnglish-speaking races, from whom detailed information was secured.

TABLE 122.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.]

Older immigrants and those races which mingle freely with Americans show in this table a larger percentage speaking English than do either the more recent immigrants or the races which segregate themselves in colonies.

Of the 48,656 immigrants reporting complete data, 29,775, or 61.2 per cent, can speak English. In this connection it is interesting to note the races from northern Europe which show the highest average per cent of persons speaking the English language; 96.4 per cent of the Swedes, 90.5 per cent of the Germans, 84.2 per cent of the Dutch, and 70.9 per cent of the French are able to speak English.

a The table on p. 28 shows that no members of this race in the households studied have been in the United States as much as ten years.