The

with 65.6 per cent, and the South Italians third with 60 per cent. figures for these three races by locality show marked variations in the frequency of the specified degree of crowding. In the Southwest, 57.1 per cent of the Slovak households, in the South 61.9 per cent, and in Pennsylvania 68.2 per cent, show an average of three or more persons per sleeping room. The Poles have 39.1 per cent in the Middle West, 44.4 per cent in the Southwest, 58 per cent in the South, and 75.8 per cent in Pennsylvania. The South Italians have 42.9 per cent in the Southwest, 56 per cent in the Middle West, 57.9 per cent in the South, and 73.4 per cent in Pennsylvania.

The white persons native-born of native father have 31.8 per cent of households in the Middle West with 3 or more persons per sleeping room, 33.3 per cent in Pennsylvania, and 43.4 per cent in the Southwest. In the Middle West and in Pennsylvania the white persons native-born of native father have the lowest per cents reported from these localities. In the Southwest four of the six races have lower per cents than the whites native-born of native father.

The per cents for the total of all races indicate that the specified degree of crowding per sleeping room is least common in the Middle West, most common in Pennsylvania, and more common in the South than in the Southwest.

The average number of persons per sleeping room, which has already been presented for the industry as a whole, is given in the following table for each locality.

TABLE 91.—Average number of persons per sleeping room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 10 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

@ This total includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured.

The foregoing table shows the average number of persons per sleeping room for the entire industry and for all the races, to be 2.97. The lowest average reported is 2.14 for the whites native-born of native father in the Middle West; the highest average is 3.63, reported by the South Italians in Pennsylvania. The averages for all races show that

48296°-vol 6-11-10

the crowding per sleeping room is greatest in Pennsylvania, followed by the South, the Southwest, and the Middle West.

In Pennsylvania the lowest average number of persons per sleeping room is 2.27, reported by white persons native-born of native father. Four other races average fewer than three persons. Of the six races which average three or more persons per sleeping room, the South Italians, with 3.63 persons, stand highest.

The effect of the congestion by apartment, by room, and by sleeping room, upon the general living conditions of the households studied is quickly apparent from a showing of the number and per cent of the rooms of the households not used for sleeping. The reduction of the number of persons per household and per room makes the use of separate rooms for cooking, eating, and general living purposes possible, while an increase in the number of persons per apartment and per room obviously has the opposite effect, reducing or wholly eliminating the space which may be utilized separately for other purposes than sleeping. The living conditions thus brought about are set forth in the tables which are submitted below, showing the number and percentage of rooms not used for sleeping, according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 92.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

In this table 161 native-born and 2,210 foreign-born households are represented. The average number of rooms per apartment is 4.27 in the case of the native-born, and 3.73 in the case of the foreign-born. The corresponding average numbers of sleeping rooms per apartment are 2.04 and 2.02, or, in other words, the apartments used by the native-born average about half a room more than the apartments occupied by the foreign-born, and this additional space is not devoted to sleeping purposes. Not any of the native-born households use all rooms for sleeping, but 27.3 per cent use all but one room, and 36 per cent use all but two. Of the foreign-born households, 2.2 per cent use all rooms for sleeping, 44.7 per cent use all but one room, and 36.9 per cent use all but two rooms. The 108 households whose heads are whites native-born of native father, have an average of 4.41 rooms per apartment; this race has no households which use all rooms for sleeping, but 23.1 per cent use all but one room for that purpose, and 35.2 per cent use all but two. The three foreign-born races represented by the largest number of households are the North Italians, Poles, and Slovaks. The North Italians report 3.68 rooms and 2.06 sleeping rooms per apartment. Nine-tenths of 1 per cent of their households use all rooms for sleeping, 52.2 per cent all but one room, and 33.9 per cent all but two rooms. The Poles report 3.60 rooms and 1.95 sleeping rooms per household. Of their households, 3.3 per cent use all rooms for sleeping, 45.5 per cent all but one room, and 36.5 per cent all but two rooms. The Slovak apartments average 3.66 rooms and 1.87 sleeping rooms. Two and two-tenths per cent of the Slovak households use all rooms for sleeping, 41.6 per cent all but one room, and 38.1 per cent all but two rooms.

The per cent of households of the principal races who use either all rooms or all but one room as sleeping rooms, is shown by geographical divisions in the next table presented.

TABLE 93.-Per cent of households regularly sleeping in all rooms, or all except 1 room, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

• This total includes households not given in the localities, because within a locality no race was tabulated unless 10 or more schedules were secured.

Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The great variations in the percentages within each locality indicate that the use for sleeping purposes of all rooms, including the kitchen, or the use of all rooms except one, which is usually the joint kitchen, dining room, and living room, is not entirely the result of local custom. The proportions vary in the Middle West from 4.5 per cent of the households whose heads are whites native-born of native father to 69.6 per cent of the Polish; in Pennsylvania, from 6.7 per cent of the German households to 70.4 per cent of the Lithuanian; in the South, from 20 per cent of the North Italian to 71 per cent of the Polish; and in the Southwest, from 39.6 per cent of the whites native-born of native father to 97.2 per cent of the Polish.

It will be seen that the Poles have generally the highest per cent of households occupying all rooms or all but one room for sleeping. This is the case in every locality except Pennsylvania, in which locality they rank third from the lowest among the races of the community.

CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition—Visits abroad-Age classification of employees and members of their households-[Text Tables 94 to 111 and General Tables 32 to 41].

LITERACY.

As regards the literacy of mine workers, the following table shows for 86,908 individual bituminous mining employees, by general nativity and race, the per cent who can read and the per cent who can both read and write.

TABLE 94-Per cent of male employees who read, and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 86,908 male employees covered by this table, 54,090 are foreign-born and 32,818 are native-born. Of the native-born, 8,240 were born of foreign father, 18,097 are whites born of native father, and 6,479 are negroes born of native father. Of the whole number