Scale, 1 square-0.5 mm. Heavy lines indicate males; light lines, females.

In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the width of face of foreign-born individuals from that of American-born individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference 0. The diagram shows a decrease in the width of face in all types, which is most marked among the Bohemians and Sicilians.

FIG. 10.-Excess of pigmentation of American-born over foreign-born.

I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians.
II. Hebrews.

III. Sicilians.
IV. Neapolitans.

Scale, 1 square 0.5 unit. Heavy lines indicate males; light lines, females.

In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the pigmentation of foreign-born individuals from that of American-born individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference 0. The diagram shows that there are no material differences in the amount of pigmentation in the hair of foreignborn and American-born.

The features that have been studied are stature, weight, length of head, width of head, width of face, and color of hair. While it seems doubtful that changes in pigmentation occur, all the other features show notable differences. These are not in the same direction in all cases. Stature, weight, length of head, and width of head show increases in some cases, decreases in others; the width of the face decreases among all the types that have been studied, except the Scotch.

The types that have been subjected to examination are the Bohemians, Slovaks and Hungarians, Poles, Hebrews, Sicilians, Neapolitans, and Scotch. These have been selected because they represent a number of the most distinct European types, and because they constitute a large percentage of our immigrants. The changes that have been observed may be summarized as follows:

The Bohemians, Slovaks and Hungarians, and Poles, representing the type of central Europe, exhibit uniform changes. Among the American-born descendants of these types the stature increases and both length and width of head decrease, the latter a little more markedly than the former, so that there is also a decrease of the cephalic index. The width of the face decreases very materially.

The Hebrews show changes peculiar to themselves. Stature and weight increase; the length of the head shows a marked increase, and the width of the head decreases, so that the cephalic index decreases materially; the width of the face also decreases.

Sicilians and Neapolitans, representing the Mediterranean type of Europe, form another group which shows distinctive changes. These are less pronounced among the Neapolitans than among the Sicilians, who are also purer representatives of the Mediterranean type, notwithstanding the many mixtures of races that have occurred. in Sicily and the adjoining parts of Italy. The stature of the Sicilians born in America is less than that of the foreign-born. This loss is not so marked among the Neapolitans. In both groups the length of the head decreases, the width of the head increases, and the width of the face decreases.

In Tables 3-6 (pp. 510-517), are given summaries of the measurements of immigrants and of their American-born descendants of various European types. In figures 4-10 (pp. 518-524), the differences between American-born and foreign-born are represented, the heavy line in each diagram representing the difference 0, the points above this line positive differences, those below the line negative differences.

The summaries here presented are in part based on very limited material, and for this reason the differences between foreign-born and American-born do not appear as regular as they would presumably appear if a larger number of cases were available. Nevertheless the tables, as well as their graphic representation, show that there is a regular tendency towards the occurrence of the same kind of differences between foreign-born and American-born.

In order to obtain a better expression for the quantitative difference between the two groups, I have assumed that the difference between foreign-born and American-born is the same for all ages-an assumption which may serve well enough for a first approximation. The

differences thus obtained for each year and sex have been weighted according to the number of cases, and in this way the following characteristic differences among the various groups have been obtained: TABLE 7.-Measurements of American-born minus measurements of foreign - born, weighted according to number of cases: All types measured.

The table shows in the case of every race except the Scotch certain decided differences between the measurements of individuals born in America and the measurements of those born abroad. There appear to be three distinct groups. The central European type, represented in our series by the Bohemians, Hungarians, Slovaks, and Poles, shows a decrease of the cephalic index for those born in America, which is due to a decrease of both length of head and width of head. The width of face shows a considerable decrease, while the stature increases. The Hebrews differ in their behavior from the preceding group in showing a much larger decrease in cephalic index, which is due to the fact that the length of the head increases, while the width of the head decreases. The decrease in width of face is also considerable, and the stature shows a marked increase. The third group is formed by the two south Italian divisions, the Neapolitans and Sicilians. In both of these cases we find an increase of the cephalic index, which is more marked among the long-headed Sicilians than among the more round-headed Neapolitans. This increase is due to a widening of the head, combined with a loss in length. The face of both groups also loses in width. The stature of the American-born is less than the stature of the foreign-born. These data show that the changes in the dimensions of the head do not depend by any means. upon the absolute or relative measurements which are found among the foreign-born, but that heads which are nearly of the same length, like those of the Bohemians and of the Hebrews, behave quite differently in this country, the length of the one increasing, while the length of the other decreases.

It seems best to defer the discussion of the significance of these remarkable phenomena until the characteristics of the change in type have been brought out from different points of view.

RELATIONS BETWEEN TIME OF IMMIGRATION AND CHANGE OF TYPE.

The differences in type between the American-born descendant of the immigrant and the European-born immigrant develop in early childhood and persist throughout life. This is indicated by the constant occurrence of the typical differences in the measurements of children of all ages. (See Tables 3-6.) The influence of American environment makes itself felt with increasing intensity, according to the time elapsed between the arrival of the mother and the birth of the child. In Table 8 and figure 11 we have compared the measurements of the foreign-born child, of the child born within ten years after the arrival of the mother, and of the child born ten years or more after the arrival of the mother, with the general average of children of that particular race. The table shows clearly the strong and increasing effect of American environment.

TABLE 8.-Differences in head form of Hebrew males, between foreign-born, those born in America within 10 years after arrival of mother, and those born 10 years or more after arrival of mother.