TABLE 11.-White women of foreign parentage under 45 years of age married more than one year, classified by parentage and nativity: Total number tabulated, number in first generation (born abroad), and number in second generation (born in United States).

OHIO: CLEVELAND AND 48 RURAL COUNTIES. 1900.

The number included in the second generation of some of the nationalities distinguished in the foregoing table is very small. This is especially the case with the second generation of Austrians, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Russians, and Swedes, many of whom, belonging to a comparatively recent class of immigrants, had not resided in the United States long enough to have native-born children of childbearing age.

While in the city of Cleveland but a third of the married women of foreign parentage under consideration belonged to the second generation, in the selected rural counties of Ohio nearly two-thirds were of the second generation. This is partly accounted for by the fact that nationalities of an early type of immigration made up a considerable proportion of the total foreign nationalities in the selected counties.

Proportion bearing no children.-The next table shows the proportion of women under 45 years of age married 10 to 19 years who have borne no children, the figures for Cleveland and the 48 largely rural counties being presented separately.

TABLE 12.-Women under 45 years of age married ten to nineteen years, classified by parentage and nativity: Total number tabulated, and number and per cent bearing no children.

For the youngest group in the table the childbearing rate is 1 child every 2.6 years, for the next group 1 every 3.2 years, and for the oldest group 1 every 4.1 years. This reflects, in part, the fact that the earlier years of a woman's married life are more productive of children than the later years, even within the childbearing period; also, in part, the correlative fact that the lower her age at marriage, the more productive her married life is likely to be.

In each age group the women of foreign parentage showed a faster rate of childbearing than the native white women of native parentage. It is to be noted, however, that the decline in the childbearing rate in the older groups as compared with the younger is much more marked for the women of native parentage than for those of foreign parentage. Thus, in the youngest group the childbearing rate was one and one-fourth times as fast for women of foreign as of native stock, in the next oldest group one and three-fifths times as fast, and in the oldest group twice as fast. That is, not only did the women of foreign stock show a faster rate of childbearing in the three age groups than the native white women, but the difference between the two classes in this respect was greater the older the age group.

OHIO.

Classes of married women included.-The tabulations for Ohio included the same classes of married women as the Rhode Island tabulations, except that there have been omitted from the Ohio tabulations women the nationality of whose husbands was not ascertainable and women who belonged to the less numerous foreign nationalities residing in the State.

The city of Cleveland had in 1900 a population of 381,768. The foreign-born population numbered 124,631, or 32.6 per cent of the total. The total number of married women under 45 years of age for whom the data in regard to children have been tabulated was 43,624.

The 48 counties selected in Ohio included all the counties in the northern half of the State with the exception of five (Cuyahoga, Lucas, Mahoning, Stark, and Summit), which were omitted because their population is largely urban. These 48 counties had in 1900 a population of 1,578,404, of whom 117,265, or 7.4 per cent, were foreignborn. As over 70 per cent of the population of these counties is rural-that is, resident in country districts or in places of less than 2,500 population-they may be termed rural counties, presenting, therefore, an excellent basis for comparison with the city of Cleveland. In the 48 counties the number of married women for whom childbearing data were tabulated was 42,760.

The following table classifies the married women in Cleveland and the rural Ohio counties, by color, parentage, and nationality:

TABLE 10.—Women under 45 years of age married more than one year, classified by parentage: Number tabulated.

The

In this table, as in all the tabulations for Ohio, a more extended classification by nationality is made than in Rhode Island. Ohio tables distinguish the following nationalities not separately classified in the Rhode Island tabulations: Austrian, Bohemian, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Swiss, and Welsh. The entry "Other foreign" is made up of French Canadians, Danes, and Norwegians, the number of whom residing in Cleveland and the selected counties was too small to make separate tabulation worth while.

The white women of foreign parentage shown in the foregoing table are subdivided in the next table into two groups as regards birthplace, those born in the United States and those born in foreign countries. The latter are designated throughout as the first generation, the former as the second generation. As in the case of Rhode Island, the term nationality is here used with reference to the birthplace of both parents. That is, "Irish" means "both parents born in Ireland;" "German," means "both parents born in Germany," and

so on.

TABLE 11.-White women of foreign parentage under 45 years of age married more than one year, classified by parentage and nativity: Total number tabulated, number in first generation (born abroad), and number in second generation (born in United States).

OHIO: CLEVELAND AND 48 RURAL COUNTIES. 1900.

The number included in the second generation of some of the nationalities distinguished in the foregoing table is very small. This is especially the case with the second generation of Austrians, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Russians, and Swedes, many of whom, belonging to a comparatively recent class of immigrants, had not resided in the United States long enough to have native-born children of childbearing age.

While in the city of Cleveland but a third of the married women of foreign parentage under consideration belonged to the second generation, in the selected rural counties of Ohio nearly two-thirds were of the second generation. This is partly accounted for by the fact that nationalities of an early type of immigration made up a considerable proportion of the total foreign nationalities in the selected counties.