native-born groups that of Scotch parentage ranks second in order of percentage. Following that of the foreign-born from Scotland is the percentage of the group of English birth among the immigrant groups, while among the native-born groups that of persons born of English parentage is next to that of the group of Scotch parentage. Further than this the percentages of offenders born in Canada or born of Canadian parentage are next in rank among the immigrant and nonimmigrant groups, respectively, while immigrants from Germany and American-born children of immigrants from that country, respectively, occupy the places immediately following among the foreign and native born groups.

It will be observed that each of the native-born groups of foreign parentage, except the German, has a larger percentage than the corresponding foreign-born group.

Offenses against chastity are shown by the table on pages 205-6 to have formed a far larger proportion (11.1 per cent) of the crimes of immigrants from Italy, than of the crimes of any other group of immigrants or of any group of native-born persons. Next in rank is their proportion of the crimes of immigrants from Canada, of whose total commitments 5 per cent were for offenses against chastity. Immediately following these two groups of offenders in relative frequency of offenses against chastity is the group of native-born persons of native parentage, of whose total crimes these composed 3.8 per cent. Thus only two groups of persons, both of them of foreign birth, have larger percentages of offenses against chastity than the nativeborn of nonimmigrant parentage. Of the crimes of foreign-born persons from Finland these formed the smallest proportion of all, only 1 of the 201 commitments of this group, or one-half of 1 per cent, having been for an "offense against chastity."

The several gainful offenses are shown by the following table to have been more prominent among the crimes of the American-born of native father than among the crimes of the majority of the immigrant and second-generation groups:

TABLE 31.-Relative frequency of gainful offenses: Massachusetts penal institutions, Oct. 1, 1908, to Sept. 30, 1909.

eny occupied a larger place in the criminality of the nativef native father than in that of any other group of offenders, only two percentages of commitments for burglary, three of tments for forgery and fraud, and five of commitments for y, exceeded those of the native-born of native father. The immigrant group had a larger percentage of commitments rglary, the German, Italian, Finnish, and Polish immigrant of those for forgery and fraud, and the Italian, Russian, and -Hungarian immigrant groups of those for robbery. Of the -generation groups, the Canadian exceeded the native-born of father in relative frequency of burglary, and the Scotch and n in relative frequency of robbery.

ferent condition existed with regard to the offenses of personal e, as appears from the following table:

2.-Relative frequency of offenses of personal violence: Massachusetts penal institutions, Oct. 1, 1908, to Sept. 30, 1909.

of these offenses formed so large a percentage of the crimes of ve-born of native father as of those of some immigrant group, h they were in the main relatively more common among native s of native parentage than among native offenders of immiarentage. The only exception to this latter statement is with to violent assault, which was relatively more frequent among an-born offenders of Canadian and Scotch parentage than native offenders of American parentage.

e immigrant groups the Austro-Hungarian and the Italian st notable for the high relative frequency of these offenses chem. Simple and violent assault formed larger percentages crimes of Austro-Hungarian offenders than of those of any oup, while homicide and rape formed larger percentages of es of Italian offenders than of those of any other group. ses against public policy belonged much more largely ant criminality than to the criminality of the nativeve parentage. Disorderly conduct and drunkenness by the table following to have belonged especially to i iminality.

TABLE 33.-Relative frequency of offenses against public policy: Massachusetts penal institutions, Oct. 1, 1908, to Sept. 30, 1909.

The

Every immigrant group shows a larger percentage of disorderly conduct than the native-born of native father, and 6 of the 11 immigrant groups show larger percentages of drunkenness. Irish immigrant group is notable for its large percentage of commitments for drunkenness, such commitments forming over four-fifths of all commitments of immigrants from Ireland. In connection with this it is notable that the American-born children of Irish fathers have a larger percentage of commitments for drunkenness than any group except the Irish immigrants themselves.

Offenses against chastity were relatively more frequent among the offenders of only two immigrant groups than among the native-born of native father.

TABLE 34.-Relative frequency of offenses against chastity: Massachusetts penal institutions, Oct. 1, 1908, to Sept. 30, 1909.

nes connected with prostitution, as shown in the foregoing table, 1 larger percentages of the total offenses of four immigrant 3 than of those of the native group of nonimmigrant parentage. immigrant groups are the Canadian, English, Italian, and RusOf the second-generation group none had so large a percentage mitments for such crimes as the native-born of native father.

ALIEN PRISONERS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1908.

en in 1904 the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization first rated the aliens detained in penal institutions throughout the I States, it was found that 1,213 such prisoners were in confineor "murder" or "attempt to murder." As the total number of risoners enumerated was 9,825, this group composed approxione-eighth (12.3 per cent) of the entire body.

next enumeration was made in 1908. As tabulated by the ration Commission from the original schedules, the data then ed show 1,588 alien prisoners under sentence for "homicide" tempted homicide" (presumably the same crimes as those ated in 1904 as "murder" and "attempt to murder"). Such comprised 12.4 per cent, or about one-eighth, of all alien ers guilty of violations of the law who were in confinement at e of the enumeration."

he 1,588 alien prisoners under sentence in 1908 for homicide tempted homicide, the period of residence in the United prior to commitment was learned with regard to 1,524. Nearly irth of this number, or 24 per cent, had been imprisoned for ne within three years after their arrival in this country. Among es the proportion exceeds one-fourth of the number reporting, hown in the following table:

5.-Per cent of alien prisoners committed for homicide and attempted homicide, ommitments occurred within three years after arrival in the United States: 1908.

[Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.]

a Based on number reporting years in the United States.

these figures it appears that over one-third of the Russian gyar aliens in prison for homicide or attempted homicide ommitted before they had been three years in the United The same is true of over one-fourth of the Polish, South

tabulation of the 1908 data only those prisoners were included who had guilty of an offense. The 1904 figures probably include a number of pri not yet been tried, and thus the data for the two years are not

le.

Italian, Greek, and Lithuanian; one-fifth or more of the North Italian, Canadian other than French, and Slovak; over one-sixth of the Mexican, Finnish, French, Scotch, German, and Croatian; more than oneseventh of the African, more than one-eighth of the English, more than one-ninth of the Irish and French Canadian, and more than one-tenth of the Scandinavian. In the case of the Hebrew and Chinese races, those whose commitments occurred within three years after arrival in the United States numbered less than one in every ten of the alien prisoners reporting length of residence.

It is not possible from available data to make any valuable statistical comparison of immigrants and natives, nor even of alien and naturalized immigrants, with regard to homicide. But such comparison is unnecessary to bring out the fact that alien homicides are found in considerable number in our penal institutions, and that a large proportion of these committed the crime soon after their arrival in the United States.

The striking facts brought out by these figures suggest the value of a fuller analysis of alien criminality. The most complete data of this character which are accessible are those resulting from the enumeration of alien prisoners in the United States made by the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization in 1908. The original schedules of this enumeration were loaned to the Commission and new tables have been compiled from them.

In the following table is shown, by classes of crime, the distribution among the several races of prisoners whose offenses were clearly enough reported to permit of classification:

TABLE 36.-Distribution of classes of crime among alien prisoners in the United States: 1908. [Compiled from data of Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.]