Among the foreign races, the German ranks first in Baltimore, Bloomington, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, Denver, Evansville, Indianapolis, Lancaster, Lincoln, Louisville, Milwaukee, Oakland, Peoria, St. Louis, St. Paul, San Francisco, Washington. The German, with other races which have the same number, also ranks first in Atlanta, Des Moines, and Elmira.

The Irish ranks first among the foreign races in Boston, Hartford, Lynn, Newark, Newport, Orange, Pittsburg, Worcester, Youngstown. With the German, which has the same number, the Irish also ranks first in Elmira.

The Polish ranks first among foreign races in Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, and Wilkesbarre; and with the Dutch, which has the same number, also ranks first in Grand Rapids.

The English ranks first among foreign races in Pawtucket, Seattle, and Springfield, and with the German, which has the same number, also ranks first in Atlanta.

The Hebrew ranks first among foreign races in Brooklyn and Malden, and with other races which have the same number, also ranks first in Des Moines. The Dutch ranks first in Kalamazoo, and with the Polish, which has the same number, also ranks first in Grand Rapids. The Swedish ranks first in Minneapolis, and with other races which have the same number, also ranks first in Des Moines. The South Italian ranks first in Rochester.

APPARENT CAUSE OF NEED.

The classification of the apparent causes of need has been made under 15 headings, and these causes have been grouped under six general classes. The general classes and the causes in detail are as follows:

The following tables present for each general class of apparent causes of need the proportion of cases and of persons involved, by race of head of case. The per cents for each race total more than 100, owing to the fact that in many cases more than one cause was reported. The first table relates to cases and the second to persons involved in these cases.

TABLE 8.-Per cent of cases assisted for each specified class of apparent causes of need, by general nativity and race of head of case.

[This table includes only races represented by 50 or more cases as shown in Table 3. The totals, however, are for all races.]

TABLE 9.-Per cent of persons involved in cases assisted for each specified class of apparent causes of need, by general nativity and race of head of case.

[This table includes only races represented by 50 or more cases as shown in Table 3. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The per cent of the total number of cases and the per cent of the total number of persons involved reporting the different classes of apparent causes of need are, in order of importance, as follows:

The cause reported in the largest proportion of cases and involving the largest proportion of persons is lack of employment or insufficient earnings. This cause was reported in 59 per cent of the total number of cases, involving 61.8 per cent of the total number of persons. The cases in which the head was foreign-born report this cause of need in 59.8 per cent of the total number of cases, the total native-born reporting 58.6 per cent, and the native-born of foreign father, 62.1 per cent.

The races for which lack of employment or insufficient earnings was the apparent cause of need for two-thirds or more of the cases are as follows:

The French Canadian foreign-born, with 38.9 per cent, the Swedish foreign-born, with 46.1 per cent, and the Swedish nativeborn of foreign father, with 49.3 per cent, show small proportions reporting lack of employment or insufficient earnings. Of the white native-born of native father, 60 per cent reported this cause.

The second most important apparent cause of need was death or disability of breadwinner. The per cent of the total number of cases reporting this cause is 28.7, involving 28 per cent of the total number of persons. The cases in which the head was foreign-born show a slightly larger proportion, 30.2 per cent, reporting death or disability of breadwinner than do the total native-born, with 27.7 per cent so reported, and the native-born of foreign father, with 27.2 per cent. The races reporting a large proportion where this was the apparent cause of need are the Swedish foreign-born, with 35.9 per cent; the Norwegian foreign-born, with 33.6 per cent; and the Danish foreignborn, with 33.3 per cent. The races with a small proportion of cases reporting death or disability of breadwinner are the Scotch nativeborn of foreign father, with 18.5 per cent; the Scotch foreign-born, with 19.6 per cent; and the Syrian foreign-born, with 20 per cent. The cases in which the head was white native-born of native father show 26.4 per cent thus reported.

Death or disability of another member of family was reported in 18.9 per cent of the total number of cases, involving 23.1 per cent of the total number of persons.

Neglect or bad habits of breadwinner was reported in 18.7 per cent of the total number of cases, involving 20.8 per cent of the total number of persons. The cases in which the head was Polish nativeborn of foreign father, and Swedish native-born of foreign father, show the largest proportions of cases reporting this cause, their percentages being 34 and 29.9, respectively. The white native-born of native father show 19.6 per cent so reported.

Old age was reported in 6.2 per cent of the total number of cases, involving 2.9 per cent of the total number of persons. The smaller proportion shown for the number of persons is due to the fact that

the cases in which this cause was reported consisted, with but few exceptions, of from one to three individuals. Old age was reported as the apparent cause of need in 7.1 per cent of the foreign cases; 3.9 per cent of the cases of immigrants of the second generation; 9.7 per cent of the negro native-born of native father; and 5 per cent of the white native-born of native father.

For 8 of the foreign races old age was reported as the apparent cause of need in one-tenth or more of the cases, as follows:

The apparent cause of need was reported in detail under fifteen headings, as indicated on page 115. Several of these causes closely overlap, while in many cases more distinct causes were reported. The tables which follow show for each race the per cent of cases and the per cent of persons involved in cases assisted for each of the 15 specified causes.