months or over ranges from 81.1 per cent of the Polish to 29.2 per cent of the South Italian. The German, North Italian, Magyar, and Polish are the only races showing as high as 50 per cent of the number as having worked twelve months during the past year, the proportion of other races ranging from 42.1 per cent of the Slovaks to 20.8 per cent of the South Italians.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The small extent to which the glass workers are members of labor organizations is set forth in the table next presented. It shows by general nativity and race of individual the affiliation with trade. unions of males 21 years of age or over, in the households studied, who are working for wages.

TABLE 57.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of the 738 males for whom information was obtained in this industry, only 2.7 per cent are affiliated with trade unions, the foreignborn reporting only 1 per cent as compared with 11.4 per cent of the native-born of native father. Among the foreign-born reported in sufficient numbers to admit of comparison, no North Italians, Magyars, or Poles and only a very small proportion of Slovaks and Germans and a slightly larger proportion of Flemish are affiliated with trade unions. Among the native-born of foreign father only the Germans, because of the small number involved, are computed, and of these none have manifested any active interest in labor organizations.

CHAPTER V.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied-Size of households studied-Congestion-[Text Tables 58 to 70 and General Tables 40 to 51].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The rent payments of the households of the glass workers are chiefly significant because of the insight which they afford into standards of living and general living conditions. The first table submitted in this connection, which immediately follows, shows average monthly rent payments per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 58.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

For the 440 households that were selected for study the average rent per apartment is $8.91 per month. The average rent per month per room is $2.16 and per person it is $1.60. In the households whose heads are foreign-born the Germans report the highest average rent per apartment. It is $10.32 per month. The next highest is shown by the North Italians. Of the races that are computed the Slovaks show the smallest average rent per apartment, $7.64. The native whites born of native father, report a higher average rent per apartment than do any of the foreign-born races. The largest average rent per room is paid by the households whose heads are Flemish, the average for that race being $2.35. Each of the other races, except the Magyars, show an average rental per month per room of between $2

and $3. The lowest average rent per month per person is shown by the Magyars, being only $0.80 and the highest average rent per month per person is shown by the households the heads of which are native-born of native father, whites.

The range in monthly rent payments for apartments may be seen in the following table, which shows by general nativity and race of head of household the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment:

TABLE 59.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

More than 90 per cent of the households included in the above. table pay over $5 rent per month per apartment, and 1.1 per cent pay over $20 per month per apartment. Of the total 58.2 per cent pay under $10 and 88.4 per cent pay under $12.50. Among the foreign-born, the Poles report the largest proportion paying under $5 per month and the Germans the smallest proportion paying under that amount. Slightly more than 50 per cent of the Flemish pay under $7.50 as compared with 11.5 per cent of the North Italians. Of the Magyars 88 per cent pay under $10. This is the largest proportion and the North Italians, with 26.9 per cent report the smallest proportion. Every race, except the German, shows over 90 per cent who pay under $12.50. The Flemish and the German are the only races showing any households that pay under $15. None of the foreign-born races show any households paying over $20. The native-born of native father, whites, on the other hand, show a proportion of 5.9 per cent paying over $20.

The table next presented sets forth by general nativity and race of head of household the range in monthly rent payments per room.

TABLE 60.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all

Of the 440 households paying rent and reporting its amount, less than 2 per cent pay more than $4 per month per room. The proportion paying under $2 is 33.6 per cent, while 84.3 per cent pay under $3 per room per month. The native-born, when compared with the foreign-born, show a slightly larger proportion of households paying over $4 per month per room. The Slovak is the only race, among the foreign-born households studied, showing any households paying under $1 per month per room and for that race the proportion is only 1.6 per cent. None of the North Italian households pay under $2 per month per room, while 72 per cent of the Magyars pay that amount. Nearly 50 per cent each of the Germans and Slovaks pay under $2, while 32 per cent of the Flemish and 23.6 per cent of the Poles pay that amount. None of the Magyar households pay over $3 per month per room, while the proportion of Polish households who pay under that amount is 89.9 per cent. Approximately 85 per cent each of the North Italians and Slovaks pay that amount. None of the races show a proportion as high as 5 per cent of households paying over $4 per month per room. The North Italians, of whom 96.2 per cent pay under $4, report the largest proportion paying over that amount.

The final table in this connection, by exhibiting the large proportion of households with a monthly rental less than $1 and $2 per person, affords an insight into the crowded conditions within the households of the glass workers. It shows by general nativity and race of head of household the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per person.

TABLE 61.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of the 440 households included in the above table, almost 60 per cent pay a rental of less than $2 per month per person; 81.1 per cent pay under $3 and 91.8 per cent pay under $4, leaving 8.2 per

cent who pay a rental of more than $4 per month per person. Of the foreign-born races, the Magyars show the largest proportion of households in which the rent paid per month per person is under $1. The Slovaks show the next largest proportion and the Flemish, who report zero, the smallest. Where the rent paid per person per month is under $2, none of the foreign-born races show a proportion of less than 50 per cent of the total number of households. The Magyars show the largest proportion in this column. The households the heads of which are foreign-born Germans show the smallest proportion. Of the households the heads of which are foreign-born Magyars and Poles, over 90 per cent each pay a rent of less than $3 per person per month. All of the households the heads of which are foreignborn North Italians, Magyars, or Poles pay a rental of less than $4 per person per month.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of the wives of the glass workers, especially of those of foreign birth, in keeping boarders or lodgers in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands has already been discussed. The extent to which this practice prevails is set forth in the table next submitted, which shows the number and percentage of the households studied which keep boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.