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SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The various sources from which the family income of the glass workers is derived and their relative significance are studied in the concluding series of tabulations of this chapter. The following table shows by general nativity and race of the head of the family the percentage of families which had an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources. The term year in this connection means the twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the data.

TABLE 53.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husbands, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

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• For selection of families, see p. 243.

b Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The above table shows the earnings of the husband to be the most frequent source of income in the 612 households included in the table, nearly the entire number having incomes from that source, while only 1.5 per cent have an income from the wife. Among the races the Flemish have much the highest proportion of households receiving contributions from wife and from children, the Germans coming next. The Magyars excel in the percentage having payments from boarders or lodgers, being 91.7 per cent.

In the table next submitted the source of family income is also shown in detail according to general nativity and race of head of family, but each specified source is exclusive of all other sources.

TABLE 54.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of

family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

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Six hundred and twelve families were selected for this inquiry as to sources of income. It will be seen that of the specified sources of income the husband, either alone or in combination with children or with boarders or lodgers, is the chief source of income, while wives play but a small part. Children alone figure largely as a source of income only among the Flemish and Germans. Boarders or lodgers supplement the husband's earnings to a notable extent among the Magyars, North Italians, and Poles.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY

INCOME.

The table following shows by general nativity and race of head of family the percentage of total yearly income derived from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other scurces.

TABLE 55.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

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The above table shows that 77.9 per cent of the total income of 612 families comes from the earnings of husband, 0.2 per cent of the total income is derived from earnings of the wife, 11.1 per cent from contributions of children, 9.1 per cent from payments of boarders or lodgers, and 1.7 per cent from other sources. Families the heads of

which are native-born of native father show a higher per cent of total income derived from the earnings of husband and wife and from unspecified sources than is shown for families the heads of which are f foreign birth. Families whose heads are foreign-born show a higher percentage of total income derived from contributions of children and payments of boarders or lodgers than is shown for the nativeborn of native father. Families the heads of which are North Italians show the highest per cent of total income from earnings of husband, and families the heads of which are Flemish the lowest per cent of total income from this source; the latter show the highest per cent of total income from wife and from contributions of children.

The families whose heads are North Italians, Magyars, and Poles show no income from earnings of wife, and families the heads of which are Magyars show less than 1 per cent of income from contributions of children. The households whose heads are Magyars show the highest percentage of income from payments of boarder or lodgers, and households the heads of which are Flemish less than 1 per cent of income from this source. The households whose heads are Flemish show the highest percentage of total income from other sources, and the households the heads of which are Magyars no income from this

source.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 56 to 57 and General Table 39].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home.

TABLE 56.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all males.]

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Of the 794 males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, 99 per cent worked three months or over, 90.8 per cent six months or over, 77.7 per cent nine months or over, and 53.8 per cent twelve months during the past year. The native-born of native father show a larger proportion of their number than the nativeborn of foreign father, who in turn show a larger proportion than the foreign-born, who worked twelve months, nine months or over, or six months or over during the past year, while the native-born of foreign father show the smallest proportion as having worked three months or over. The North Italian, South Italian, and Magyar are the only races reporting their entire number as having worked three months or over, while the proportion of each race having worked six months or over ranges from 95.3 per cent of the German to 62.5 per cent of the South Italian, and the proportion having worked nine

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