per cent. The proportion of English and German who were in manufacturing is large in comparison with other races. Over 10 per cent of each race, except the Irish, North Italian, and Ruthenian, were in hand trades, the German showing the largest proportion, or 24.8 per cent, thus engaged. Less than 10 per cent of each race, except the Irish, North Italian, and South Italian, were in general labor, the North Italian showing the largest proportion, or 20 per cent, thus engaged. The English is the only race showing over 2 per cent of their number to have been in domestic service. Of those of each race who were otherwise employed the German shows the largest proportion, or 30.1 per cent, and the Ruthenian the smallest proportion, or 1.8 per cent, other races ranging from 12.1 per cent of the Irish to 3.7 per cent of the Poles.

WEEKLY EARNINGS.

The average amount and range in amount of weekly earnings of the employees are exhibited in the two following tables. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week:

TABLE 160.—Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary ost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Information was obtained from 4,280 male employees 18 years of age or over. Of this number, none earn less than $5, 98.6 per cent earn $7.50 or over, 70.8 per cent $10 or over, 38 per cent $12.50 or over, and 25.1 per cent $15 or over, while the proportions earning $17.50 or over, $20 or over, and $22.50 or over amount to 7.1, 2.4, and 1 per cent, respectively. While the foreign-born and nativeborn of foreign father show proportions earning each specified amount that vary only slightly from the proportions shown in the total for all employees, the former in all instances show proportions slightly below, while the latter in almost as many instances show proportions slightly above the proportions shown for all employees. As regards the native whites, born of native father, it will be noted that, with the exception of a very small proportion earning under $5, the proportion earning $7.50 or over and each succeeding specified amount per week slightly exceeds the proportion shown by the native-born of foreign father. Among the foreign-born, no Canadians (whether French or other than French), no North Italians, and only small proportions of the representatives of the other races earn less than $7.50 per week. Concerning those earning $10 or over and each succeeding amount per week, it will be noted that, with the exception of the French Canadians, none of whom earn $22.50 or over per week, the proportions of the older immigrant races earning each specified amount are considerably in excess of the proportions of the more recent immigrants, the contrast being much more marked among those earning the lower than the higher specified amounts. Considering those born in this country of foreign-born parents, it will be noted that no very marked difference exists in the proportions earning each specified amount per week as between those whose fathers were born in Canada, England, Germany, or Ireland.

In the following table the percentage of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week is shown by general nativity and race:

TABLE 161.-Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

• Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of the 232 female employees in this industry for whom information was obtained, it will be noted that all earned $2.50 or over and but 1.3 per cent earn $10 or over, while 96.6 and 47.8 per cent earn $5 or over and $7.50 or over per week, respectively. The proportion of foreign-born earning each specified amount varies only slightly from the proportion shown in the total for all employees, while the nativeborn of native father and native-born of foreign father combined show a considerably smaller proportion earning $5 or over, a considerably larger proportion earning $7.50 or over and only a slightly larger proportion earning $10 or over per week than is shown for all employees. As regards the foreign-born Poles, it will be seen that all earn $5 or over, none $10 or over, and 44 per cent $7.50 or over per week.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The progress in industrial efficiency or earning ability made by the employees after designated periods of residence in this country is exhibited in the following table, which shows, by race and length of residence in the United States, the percentage of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, earning each specified amount per week. By grouping the proportions in each period of residence under the several races, a study is possible of the progress in earning ability made by the foreign-born male employees of each race.

TABLE 162.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

table

That length of residence in the United States materially affects the earning ability of foreign-born employees is apparent from the above By way of illustration, the Irish, although showing a slightly smaller proportion with a residence of from five to nine years and ten years or over than with a residence of under five years earning $10 or over per week, show a considerably larger proportion with a residence of from five to nine and ten years or over than with a residence

of under five years earning $12.50 or over, $15 or over, and $17.50 or over per week. They also show a slightly larger proportion earning $20 or over per week in the two longer periods of residence groups than in that period of under five years. It will be noted, however, that the proportion earning $15 or over, $17.50 or over, and $20 or over with a period of residence of ten years or over is slightly below the proportion earning each of these specified amounts shown by those with a residence of from five to nine years. As regards the South Italians, those with a residence of from five to nine years and ten years or over in the United States each show a proportion earning each specified amount in excess of the proportions shown by those with a residence of less than five years. This is also true of the Poles, although those with a residence of ten years or over show a considerably smaller proportion than those with a residence of from five to nine years earning $10 or over per week and a slightly smaller proportion earning $7.50 or over, $12.50 or over, and $15 or over per week; but the proportion of Poles with a residence of ten years or over earning $17.50 or over and $20 or over per week is slightly in excess of the proportion shown by those with a residence of from five to 9 years.

In the following table the same data are presented as in the one 'mmediately preceding, but in a different form:

TABLE 163.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This cable includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

As between the Irish, South Italians, and Poles who have been in the United States less than five years, it will be noted that the proportion of the Irish earning $10 or over is very much greater than that shown by either the Poles or South Italians and that the proportion of Irish earning $12.50 or over is considerably greater, while the proportion of this same race earning each of the other specified amounts is only slightly in excess of the proportion shown by either of the other races.

Considering these same races, the representatives of which have been in the United States from five to nine years, it will be noted that the Irish show a slightly larger proportion than the Poles and a much larger proportion than the South Italians earning $10 or over, $12.50 or over, and $15 or over per week. No South Italians earning $17.50 or over and no Irish or Poles earn as much as $22.50 per week, the proportion of Irish earning $17.50 or over and $20 or over per week being slightly in excess of that shown by the Poles.

In studying those who have been in the United States ten years or over, it will be seen that no South Italians, as compared with 8.5 per cent of the Irish and 6.6 per cent of the Poles, earn $17.50 or over per week. As between the South Italians and Poles earning each specified amount below $17.50 per week there is very little difference in the proportions, each showing a much smaller proportion earning $10 or over and a considerably smaller proportion earning $12.50 or over and $15 or over per week than do the Irish.