Of 12,276 employees shown in the foregoing table, 40.2 per cent are native-born whites of native father, 39.3 per cent are of foreign birth, 18.4 per cent are native-born of foreign father, and 2.1 per cent are native-born negroes of native father. The employees who are native-born of foreign father show a considerably higher per cent of females than of males, while in each of the other nativity groups the proportion of males is larger than that of females. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers were born in Germany show 9.1 per cent and those whose fathers were born in Ireland show 2.4 per cent, while no employees whose fathers were born in other specified countries show over 2 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured. The employees whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary, Belgium, England, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Russia, Scotland, and Wales show a higher per cent of females than of males who are employed in this industry. Of the foreign-born employees, the Germans, the Slovaks, the Poles, and the South Italians show over 5 per cent, while none of the other specified races show over 2.3 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured in the glass industry. Of the foreign-born employees, the French Canadians, the French, the Lithuanians, the Scotch, the Welsh, the Belgians (race not specified), and the Swiss (race not specified) show a higher per cent of females than of males, for whom information was secured, in the glass industry.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-Occupations of the first and second generations compared-Weekly earnings Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives in keeping boarders or lodgersSources of family income-Relative importance of different sources of family income [Text Tables 26 to 55 and General Tables 14 to 38].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In order to understand the economic status of glass workers in this country it will be necessary to set forth first the general industrial condition of foreign-born employees and members of their households before they emigrated from their native lands. In the following table the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming is exhibited according to race of individual:

TABLE 26.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

The largest proportion, 67.9 per cent, of foreign-born males of the prescribed age had been working for wages before coming to the United States; 20.3 per cent were working without wages. Inconsiderable proportions were working for profit and were without

occupation. Every specified race had a greater proportion working for wages than in any other industrial condition; the proportion ranging from 93 per cent of the Flemish to 47.1 per cent of the Magyars. The North Italians had a relatively large proportion working without wages. Of the Magyars, 44.1 per cent, an unusually large proportion, were working for profit. The second largest proportion working for profit were 9.7 per cent of North Italians.

The table next submitted analyzes the general industrial groups of the preceding table into their principal occupations and shows by race of individual the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over when they arrived in this country.

TABLE 27.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign.

Race of individual.

born.]

The largest proportion of foreign-born males 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States and who were working for wages, were farm laborers. Likewise the greater proportion of the Slovaks, Magyars, and Poles who were working for wages were farm laborers. The greater part of the Flemish working for wages were in other than the specified occupations; of the North Italians a greater proportion were in hand trades than were working for wages in any other occupation. The Germans are the only race which show a greater proportion working for wages as glass-factory operatives than the other occupations mentioned. Of the total 20.3 per cent working without wages, 20.2 per cent were farm laborers. The greater part of those who were working for profit were farmers. The Flemish and Germans, however, working for profit show a greater proportion in other occupations.

The table following shows by race of individual the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival in this country.