CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgersSources of family income-Relative importance of different sources of family income-[Text Tables 115 to 131 and General Tables 73 to 82].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Before entering into a discussion of the economic status in this country of employees and members of their households on this locality the industrial condition and principal occupations of immigrant workers and members of their households while abroad are considered. The first table presented in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at the time of arrival in this

country:

TABLE 115.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

Of the foreign-born males in this locality for whom information was secured who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming, 72.1 per cent worked for wages, 15.8 per cent worked without wages, 10.8 per cent worked for profit, and only a very small proportion were without occupation. The proportion of individuals who worked abroad for wages is largest in the case of the Germans, closely followed

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by the Hebrews, and smallest in the case of the Poles. None of the Hebrews, only a very small proportion of the Germans, and a much larger proportion of the Poles than of the Magyars worked without wages, and none of the Germans or Hebrews, and 19.6 per cent of the Magyars as against only 5.6 per cent of the Poles worked for profit.

The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming:

TABLE 116.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

The table shows that before coming to the United States 72.1 per cent of the foreign-born males in this locality for whom information was secured worked for wages, 15.8 per cent worked without wages, and 10.8 per cent worked for profit. It appears that 27.5 per cent of all the individuals worked abroad as farm laborers for wages, that 19.4 per cent worked in hand trades, and that 9.5 per cent were farmers. Only a very small proportion of the Hebrews, and a considerably larger proportion of the Magyars than of the Poles or Ger mans were employed abroad as farm laborers working for wages. while none of the Hebrews and a considerably larger proportion of the Magyars and Poles than of the Germans were farm laborers without wages, and none of the Hebrews or Germans and a larger proportion of the Magyars than of the Poles were farmers. Upon the other hand, 63.6 per cent of the Hebrews, as against 25.6 per cent of the Germans, an even smaller proportion of the Magyars, and 3.7 per cent of the Poles were employed in hand trades.

In the following table, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females, in the households studied. who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, is shown by race of individual.

TABLE 117.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the foreign-born females of this locality for whom information was secured, who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States, 70.1 per cent are reported as having been without occupation before coming here, 26.6 per cent as having worked for wages, and only a very small proportion as having worked without wages or for profit. The proportion of females who were without occupation is largest in the case of the Poles and Hebrews, in the order mentioned, and smallest in the case of the Germans, while the Germans have by far the largest, and the Hebrews and Poles the smallest proportion of females who worked for wages.

The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival in this country:

TABLE 118.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the foreign-born females 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States for whom information was secured 70.1 per cent were without occupation abroad, 26.6 per cent worked for wages, and only a very small proportion worked without wages or for profit. Of those working for wages over one-half were in domestic service and most of the remainder were farm laborers. None of the Hebrew women and only a very small proportion of the Polish women as against 11.1 per cent of the German and 17.3 per cent of the Magyar women were employed as farm laborers, while the Germans have by far the largest and the Hebrews the smallest proportion of women who were in domestic service.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied:

TABLE 119.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races]

In this locality 84.6 per cent of the males 16 years of age or over for whom information was secured are employed in the manufacture of agricultural implements and vehicles, 12.6 per cent are in employments not specified, and only a very small proportion are at home or! at school. The proportion of males employed in the manufacture of agricultural implements and vehicles is largest in the case of the foreign-born, second in rank in the case of the native-born of native father, and smallest in the case of the native-born of foreign father. Upon the other hand, the proportion of individuals in employments not specified is largest for the native-born of foreign father and smallest for the foreign-born. Of the native-born of foreign father,