to the United States. This company has ten foremen, all of whom are Germans. The Swedes are said to be industrious and capable workmen, learning rapidly, and are thoroughly satisfactory in every way. Belgians, Greeks, and Lithuanians are employed as common laborers. Officials of the plow works state that they prefer Swedes and Germans as they are easier to handle than the other immigrants, owing to the fact that most of them speak English. The Lithuanians the company employs as polishers are stated to be good workmen, but they are employed because of the fact that the foreman for the polishing department is a Lithuanian. Greeks and Belgians are employed as common laborers; they are the only races who will stay in the unskilled occupations. The statement made by plow company No. 2 is that they prefer the Swedes in all departments. The Swedes have been found to be the most industrious workmen that this company has ever employed. Belgians and Greeks are employed in the unskilled occupations in this establishment for the same reasons as in the plants in the town-because they are the only races who will do the menial work. The Swedes are considered the best blacksmiths in the shops.

CHAPTER IV.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees-[Text Tables 98 to 104 and General Tables 62 to 66].

LITERACY.

The general literacy of the employees in the households studied is exhibited by the following table. This table shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the percentage of employees who read and the percentage who both read and write:

TABLE 98.-Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

• Not computed, owing to small number involved

Of 21,680 employees of this industry for whom information was obtained, 95.2 per cent can read, while a slightly smaller proportion, or 93.5 per cent, can both read and write. Among those who can read only the males report 95.5 per cent and the females 90.5 per cent, while of those who can both read and write the proportion of males and females are 93.9 and 84.3 per cent, respectively. The foreign-born, it will be noted, show a slightly smaller proportion of both males and females who can read, a slightly smaller proportion of males and a considerably smaller proportion of females who can both read and write than is shown in the total for all employees. The native-born of foreign father and native whites born of native father, on the other hand, show a slightly larger proportion of males and a considerably larger proportion of females who can read only, and a considerably larger proportion of males and a very much larger proportion of females who can both read and write than is shown for all employees in the total. No negro females are shown in the above table, but the proportion of males who can read and who can both read and write is considerably smaller than the proportion shown for the native whites born of native father. Among the foreign-born males it will be noted that all the Danes, English, Norwegians, and Swedes are able to read, the proportions of the remaining races with ability to read ranges from 99.1 per cent of the Canadians, other than French, to 66 per cent of the Servians. Among the females all Irish and Slovaks read, the proportions of the other races ranging from 95.6 per cent of the Germans to 42.9 per cent of the Servians. The Servians, it will be noted, both males and females, show a much smaller proportion with ability to read than do any of the other races. Among the foreign-born males who can both read and write it will be seen that with the exception of the Lithuanians and Russians the proportions of the other races vary, when at all, only very slightly from the proportions shown for these same races who read only. In only three instances do the proportions of females who both read and write vary from the proportions who read only. This will be found to exist among the Lithuanians, Poles, and Slovenians. In the case of the Slovenians the proportion with ability both to read and write is slightly smaller, while in the case of the Lithuanians and Poles the proportion with ability to read and write is much smaller than the proportion with ability to read only. Among the native-born of foreign father those males whose fathers were bor in Ireland, Scotland, and Sweden all read, and those males whose fathers were born in Scotland all read and write. With these exceptions those who were born in this country and whose fathers were born in some other country each show a small proportion who are unable to read and both read and write. Of the females, only those whose fathers were born in Germany show a small proportion who are unable to read or to both read and write.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The table next submitted shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the percentage of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition.

TABLE 99.-Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

TABLE 99.-Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race- -Continued.

Of 20,010 employees 20 years of age or over shown in the preceding table 64.9 per cent are married and 3 per cent are widowed. The employees of foreign birth show 67.8 per cent married, closely fol lowed, in the order named, by the negro employees who are native born of native father and the whites who are native-born of native father, while the employees who are native-born of foreign father show 54.5 per cent who are married. The negro employees who are native-born of native father show the highest percentage widowed, followed by the native whites born of native father, the native-born of foreign father, and the foreign-born employees, the last two nativity groups showing the same percentage of persons who are widowed. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father those of English parentage show the highest percentage and those of Swedish parentage the lowest percentage who are married. The employees who are of English parentage also show the highest percentage of persons who are widowed, while none of the employees of Russian parentage are widowed. Among the foreign-born employees the Germans show the highest percentage and the Greeks the lowest percentage who are married, and the Irish the highest percentage and the Greeks the lowest percentage who are widowed. The male