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CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 44 and 45 and General Table 22].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The degree of regularity of work offered by the industry, as well as the relative industriousness of the several races employed, is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, months worked during the past year by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home:

TABLE 44.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the 683 persons reporting, 42.6 per cent worked twelve months during the past year, 83 per cent worked nine months or over, 94.1 per cent worked six months or over, and 98 per cent worked three months or over. A considerably greater proportion of the native whites born of native father are shown to be working during the twelve months of the year than is the case with either the nativeborn of foreign father or the foreign-born. In the remaining time periods worked during the year the same facts are apparent, but in

a slighter degree. Of the foreign-born races more Germans-about 90 per cent and fewer Poles-less than 9 per cent-work throughout the whole year than is shown for any of the other races. Over 90 per cent of Germans, Hebrews, and Swedish; about 86 per cent of the Flemish; over 72 per cent of the Poles; and 62.8 per cent of the Magyars work nine months or over. All of the Germans, Hebrews, and Lithuanians work during six months of the year or over, while the Magyars show only a trifle over 80 per cent in this regard. Excepting the Poles and Magyars, each of whom has over 90 per cent, all the races are seen to be working three months or over.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The smallness of the extent to which the employees of the industry are members of labor organizations is exhibited by the table next presented, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, affiliation with trade unions of males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over and who were working for wages. TABLE 45.—Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

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a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Only 4, or 0.6 per cent, out of a total of 634 males reporting are affiliated with the trade unions. Of the foreign races, the Germans, with 2 per cent, and the Swedes, with less than 1 per cent, are the

only representatives of trade unions.

CHAPTER V.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied-Size of households studied-Congestion-[Text Tables 46 to 58 and General Tables 23 to 34].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The monthly rent payments of the households the heads of which are employed in the manufacture of agricultural implements are chiefly significant in their bearing upon the standard of living because of congestion within the households arising from the practice of crowding the apartments in order to reduce the per capita rent outlay. The following series of tables are presented in this connection, the first of which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average monthly rent paid per apartment, per room, and per person: TABLE 46.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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The foregoing table shows a report from 260 households. The average rent paid per apartment is $8.83; per room the average is $1.85, and per person $1.96. Most of the households reporting are foreignborn. The average rent per apartment paid by the foreign-born is somewhat lower than that of the native whites born of native father. Of the foreign-born households, the Swedes, paying over $11 per month per apartment, are the highest rent payers; the Lithuanians

occupy second place, averaging over $10 per month, while the Germans pay over $9. The smallest figure is reported by the Poles. In each instance the Swedes and Lithuanians are paying over $2 per room, while the remaining races each average over $1.50. While the Germans show a smaller average rent per room than do either the Lithuanians or the Swedes, the average rent per person is larger than for either of those races.

The range in monthly rents for apartments is set forth in the fol lowing table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment:

TABLE 47.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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In the next table presented the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per room is shown according to general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 48.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)

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Out of a total of 260 households 1.9 per cent are paying under $1 per month per room, 54.6 per cent are paying under $2, 96.5 under $3, while all are reported as paying under $4 per room per month rent. Of the foreign-born, the Hebrews and Magyars each report about 5 per cent paying under $1 per month per room, while no Flemish or Swedes are shown paying so small a rental. About 60 per cent of the Flemish and Hebrews are reported as paying under $2 rent per month per room. Of the Magyars about 50 per cent pay similar rental, while the proportion of Swedes is only slightly over 20 per cent. One race only, the Swedish, with 86.8 per cent, is the only one reported as having less than 100 per cent who are paying under $3 per room monthly rental.

The real situation relative to congestion is set forth in the following table, which indicates the extent of crowding within the households studied by showing the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per person. The exhibit is made according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 49.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of a total of 260 households reporting, 8.5 per cent are paying under $1 rent per month per person, 43.1 per cent under $2, 73.5 per cent under $3, and 84.2 per cent are paying under $4 per month per person. Between the foreign-born and the native whites born of native father there is a great difference; the latter generally appear to be paying a higher rental than the former. No Flemish or Swedish are paying under $1 per person per month rent, whereas the Magyars show over 33 per cent in this class and the Hebrews about 5 per cent. Nearly 80 per cent of the Magyars are reported as paying under $2 rent per month per person, and 55 per cent of the Flemish are similarly situated, while the Hebrews and the Swedes each show less than 35 per cent. About 90 per cent of the Magyars and Flemish are paying under $3 rent per person per month, while the Hebrews show a trifle over 80 per cent, and the Swedes come last

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