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A comparison of the literacy of foreign-born glassworkers and members of their households according to their ages when they arrived in this country is presented in the table below, which shows, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons in the households studied 10 years of age or over who could read and the percentage who could both read and write.

TABLE 185.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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From the above table it will be noted that a larger proportion of those foreign-born persons who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States read and both read and write than do those who were 14 years of age or over. As between the several races it will be noted that only the Germans show the full 100 per cent literate and this without regard to their age at time of coming to the United States. This is equally true of the Magyars who were under 14 years of age at time of coming, while of those 14 years of age or over the proportion who read and who both read and write, in each instance, is slightly less than 90 per cent. As regards the Poles no computation, owing to the small number involved, has been made of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States, while of those over 14 the proportion who read and who both read and write is slightly below that of the Magyars.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The table following shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in the households studied who were in each conjugal condition.

TABLE 186.-Per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The above table shows the conjugal condition of 393 men and women over 20 years of age connected with the glass industry. It appears that 89.8 per cent of all are married. This average is higher for foreign than for native born. The average of those married is also higher among the women than the men, all the Polish and Magyar women being married. The Germans have a notably high percentage of those widowed, both men and women.

AGE COMPOSITION OF MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows the percentage of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 187.-Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] MALE.

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Of the 774 persons included in the preceding table 40.6 per cent are under 14 years of age, 41.8 per cent are from 20 to 44 years of age, and less than 10 per cent are of each other specified age. A comparison between the different nativity groups shows that a larger proportion of the persons in the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father than in the households the heads of which are foreignborn and the smallest proportion in the households the heads of which are native-born of native father are under 14 years of age, while a larger

proportion of those in the households the heads of which are foreignborn than of those in the households the heads of which are nativeborn of foreign father and the smallest proportion in the households the heads of which are native-born of native father are from 20 to 44 years of age. Of those who are 45 years of age or over the largest proportion are in the households the heads of which are native-born of native father and the smallest proportion in the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father. The difference between the proportion of males and the proportion of females within each specified age group is comparatively small.

CHAPTER VIII.

GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.

Civic interest-Immigrants in business Ownership of homes-Citizenship-Ability to speak English-[Text Tables 188 to 192 and General Tables 126 to 131].

CIVIC INTEREST.

The naturalized Poles and Slovaks in Community B vote on all public questions with a commendable degree of regularity. Most of the naturalized citizens, especially the younger part, take an intelligent interest in all public matters to be settled in the town. In no instance, however, has a foreign-born citizen held any municipal or public office. The justice of the peace, members of the school board, and other town officers are all native-born citizens.

IMMIGRANTS IN BUSINESS.

The only immigrants in business in the community are Poles. The Poles conduct a small grocery store and a combination dry goods store and pool room. The other eight or ten business establishments in the town are operated by Americans. The Polish establishments are patronized chiefly by members of their own race, and to a slight extent by the other foreign races, but the majority of all races patronize the native establishments.

OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.

As has been stated in a preceding section, the officials of the glass plant in the community claim that they experience very little trouble resulting from a disposition of the immigrant employees to move away but that instead the majority of the immigrants employed in the establishments have shown a decided tendency to settle permanently. For example, they state that when the plant was first started the company owned a double row of houses-about 50 in all-practically all of which have been bought by the employees. The table next submitted shows, of the families studied in the community, the number and percentage who owned their homes. The presentation is by general nativity and race of head of family.

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