The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.

TABLE 179.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The households whose heads were native-born of native father show a lower average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room than the households whose heads were nativeborn of foreign father or foreign-born. Households whose heads were native-born of native father and those whose heads were nativeborn of foreign father make about the same showing as to average number of persons per apartment and per room, but the former have a considerably lower average number of persons per sleeping room. The contrast between the households whose heads were native-born of native father and those whose heads were foreignborn is very marked, the former having 438 persons for each 100 apartments, 76 persons for each 100 rooms, and 180 persons for each 100 sleeping rooms, as against 660 persons for each 100 apartments, 148 persons for each 100 rooms, and 272 persons for each 100 sleeping rooms among foreign-born households. Among the foreignborn, the Magyars exhibit the highest average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. The Germans have a slightly higher average number of persons per apartment per sleeping room than the Poles and a somewhat lower average number of persons per room.

and

The range in the number of persons per room is exhibited in the table next submitted according to general nativity and race of head

of household.

TABLE 180.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of the total number of households 60.6 per cent have 1 or more persons per room; 20 per cent, 2 or more; 3.3 per cent, 3 or more. There is, however, a decided difference in the degree of crowding in the households of the native-born whites of native father and the foreign-born. Of the latter 80 per cent have 1 or more persons per room whereas the corresponding per cent of native white of native father households is 23.2 per cent. A similar difference exists between the proportions of these classes having the other specified. number of persons per room.

Of the specified races the Magyars show a degree of crowding not approached by any other race. For example, 18.5 per cent of the Magyar households have 3 or more persons per room, while none of the Germans or Polish have as many as 3 persons per room.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the range in the number of persons per sleeping room.

TABLE 181.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

General nativity and

race of head of household.

Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race

of father, German..

Foreign-born:

German..
Magyar.

number ber of of persons house- per sleep

2 or

Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room.

3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or holds. ing room. more. more. more. more. more. more. more. more. more. more.

Polish.

53

2.44

45

84.9

28,3

13.2 1.9

.0

Grand total....

180

2.39 127

20

4

70.6

27.8

11.1

2.2

.0

Of the 180 households studied in the preceding table, none have as high as 6 persons per sleeping room; 2.2 per cent have 5 or more persons; 11.1 per cent 4 or more persons; 27.8 per cent, 3 or more persons; and 70.6 per cent have 2 or more persons per sleeping room. No households the heads of which were native-born of native father have as many as 4 persons per sleeping room, but the households the heads of which were foreign-born show 17.3 per cent having 4 or more persons and 2.7 per cent having 5 or more persons per sleeping Of the households the heads of which were Magyars a larger proportion have each specified number of persons per sleeping room than either the households the heads of which were Germans or the households the heads of which were Poles.

room.

The final table submitted in this connection sets forth the effect of congestion upon living and sleeping arrangements. It shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 182.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Two and two-tenths per cent of the total number of households regularly sleep in all the rooms, 21.1 per cent in all except 1 room, 30 per cent in all except 2 rooms. The native whites born of native father, however, sleep in all rooms, and in all rooms except 1 or 2 much less commonly than the foreign-born. The Poles, who have a relatively small average number of rooms per household and sleeping rooms per household, have a comparatively large proportion sleeping in all rooms and in all rooms except 1 or 2.

CHAPTER VII.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IMMIGRANT LABOR SUPPLY.

Criminality-Literacy-Conjugal condition-Age composition of members of households studied [Text Tables 183 to 187 and General Tables 121 to 125].

CRIMINALITY.

The immigrants show no greater tendency toward violations of the law than natives. Occasionally evil consequences result from celebrations in honor of a wedding or a christening among the Poles and Slovaks, but the community is too small and the number of criminal cases too few to exhibit any tendencies or to permit of any definite comparisons between the natives and immigrants in this regard.

LITERACY.

As regards the degree of literacy prevailing among the population of the community, the following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons 10 years age or over, in the households studied, who could read and the percentage who could both read and write:

of

TABLE 183.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The preceding table shows that 92.7 per cent of persons reporting can read and 92.1 per cent can read and write; the percentage of males who can read and who can both read and write is somewhat higher than that of females. The totals show the percentage of

persons who are native-born of foreign father who can read and who can both read and write to be higher than the per cent of foreignborn. Both native-born of foreign father and foreign-born show a higher per cent of males than of females who can read and can both read and write. Of the foreign-born races Germans show 100 per cent of both males and females who can read and both read and write. Both Magyars and Poles show a much lower percentage of persons who can read and write than Germans.

The relative advancement of the different races of foreign birth in ability to read and write after designated periods of residence in the United States is set forth in the table next submitted. It shows, by years in the United States and race of individual, the per cent of foreign-born persons in the households studied who were 10 years of age or over and who could read and the per cent who could both read and write.

TABLE 184.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the foreign races under five years in this country it will be noted that 94.6 per cent of a total of 263 can read and a slightly lower proportion read and write. Almost exactly equal proportions of the Magyars and Poles report in this group. Of those individuals five to nine years in the United States, all the Germans can read and write, the Magyars presenting a proportion who can read and read and write exactly equal to the 89.7 per cent of the total foreign-born, and the Poles presenting a proportion hardly lower at all. Again, all the Germans ten years or over in the United States can read and read and write; but of the Poles only 66.7 per cent can read and a bare majority read and write. No report is made of the Magyars in this group, owing to the small number involved. A summary of the table shows that while all the Germans can read and write, the proportions of literate Magyars and Poles decrease in the ratio of their years in the United States. Nevertheless a large proportion of the two last-named races less than ten years in this country report ability to read and write, an abrupt drop being noticeable in the case of the Poles ten years or over in this country.